LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS
Restoration is overturned
In the period after the Congress of Vienna
there were 3 waves of antiabsolutist revolutionary movements
In Europe
Some had strong nationalist component
Were liberal revolutions
They followed the same route
As the 18th century revolutions
As in several European countries
This led to the transition from
a state system
to a class society
contributed to the expansion of the Industrial Revolution
The revolutionary wave of 1820
In 1820, in parts of
Spain
Portugal
were revolutions inspired in
Naples
Piedmont
The Spanish Constitution 
Written in Cadiz in 1812
The Holly Alliance took part
in military interventions in this countries
and reinstated absolutism
After these interventions Holly Alliance declined
due to divisions among its members
and to Great Britain's criticism of its work
There were revolutionary outbreaks in
France
Russia
Which were easily stopped
However, a democratic assembly delcared
Greece's independence from the absolutist power of
The Ottoman Empire
Supported by many European liberals
And wich led to a war
Russia
France
Great Britain
Took part in the war in 1827
In defence of their strategic interests
And in support of the Greeks
Who gained independence in 1830
The revolutionary wave of 1830
Louis XVIII was succeeded by Charles X
Who hoped to reing in an absolutist way
Ignoring the limits of his predecessor's
Large sectors of French bourgeoisie had liberal ideas
In 1830 groups of
Students
Intellectuals
organised the July Revolution in Paris
Workers
against the absolutist tendencies of Charles X
After the King abdicated a parliamentary monarchy was established
under Louis Philippe of Orleans
He recognised national sovereignty
and also abolished censorship and extended the right to vote
The revolutionary wave of 1848
Louis Philippe of Orleans reign was becoming more conservative
Causing discontent among radical liberals
The workers suffered the most from
the effects of an intense international economic crisis
that started in 1845
This all led to a revolution
in which the Second French Republic was proclaimed
Workers played an important part in
establishing universal manhood suffrage
measures to guarantee employment
A workers uprising was repressed by the army
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was elected president
He proclaimed the Second French Empire in 1851
and was crowned Napoleon III
Consolidations of liberal regimes
In the middle of the 19th century
pressure to extend citizens’ right to vote
started to increase
This was one of the demans of
Workers
radical liberals
They called themselves democrats
Because they defended the unviersal manhood sufragge
because of this
political pressure
transformation of industrialised societies
parliamentary representation expanded in regimes
with census suffrage
through changes in the electoral systems
They organised themselves into
Political parties to represent their ideas
France
Under the Second French Empire
a regime was established
hat maintained universal manhood suffrage
However, there was no real separation of powers
Because everything depended on Napoleon III
INstead of elections, the emperor called
plebiscites or referendums
to justify his position
Great Britain
For most of the 19th century
Britain’s monarch was Queen Victoria
British parliamentarism became very stable
with power alternating between 2 political parties
the Conservative Party
The Liberal Party
Much of the success was
due o reforming its laws to increase representation
But universal manhood suffrage was not achieved
Prussia and Austria
The revolution of 1848 led to
the establishment of censitary suffrage
and constitutional texts
but the freedoms were limted
by the power of their sovereigns
Iin Austria, the mobilisation of the Hungarian nationalists
converted the 2 countries into a dual monarchy
in 1867
called the AUstro-Hungarian Empire
The United States
The extended universal manhood suffrage
made considerable progress
Several states recognised it for white men
in the early 1800s
Apart of that, there was also a great territorial expansion
Resulting in submission of the indigenous population
and violent repression of any resistance
indigenous tribes were confined to reservations
northern states wanted to abolish slavery throughout the Union
But southern states didn't
They tried to form an independent state
which led to the American Civil War
The North states won the war
And under the leadership of President Abraham Lincoln
All slaves were freed
Former black slaves were granted the right to vote
In 1870
Ellis island
In the 19th century
45 million Europeans emigrated to
Young countries
Colonial dominions
Ellis Island, in the port of New York
Such as
Australia
New Zealand
Argentina
United States
Canada
became a symbol of great waves of European migrants
that arrived to United STates