- Liberal Revolutions
The restoration is overtuned
Antiabsolutist revolutionary movements
The revolutionary wave of 1820
Parts of Spain, Portugal, Naples and Piedmont, revolutions inspired by the Spanish Constitution written in Cádiz in 1812
Holy Alliance took part in military interventions in Spain, Naples and Piedmont and reinstated absolutism
Portuguese revolutionaries establish a constitutional regime
Revolutionary outbreaks in France and Russia were easily stopped
A democratic assembly declared Greece’s independence from the absolutist power of the Ottoman Empire, Greeks, who gained independence in 1830
The revolutionary wave of 1830
Louis XVIII, was succeeded by Charles X
Large sectors of the French bourgeoisie had liberal ideas which did not match the monarch’s aspirations
Groups of intellectuals, students and workers organised the July Revolution in Paris against the absolutist tendencies of Charles X within an economic crisis
After the king abdicated, a parliamentary monarchy was established under Louis Philippe of Orleans
The revolutionary wave of 1848
Louis Philippe of Orleans’ reign was becoming more conservative, causing discontent among radical liberals
This all led to a revolution in which the Second French Republic was proclaimed
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, Napoleon’s nephew, was later elected president. He proclaimed the Second French Empire in 1851, and was crowned Napoleon III.
The Revolution of 1848 spread to cities in Austria, the German Confederation, Italy and Russia.
The consolidation of the liberal regimes
France
Second French Empire, no real separation of powers
Emperor called plebiscites or referendums to justify his position
Although suffrage was recognised, it was not put into practice
Great Britain
Queen Victoria, British parliamentarism became very stable
Power alternating between two political parties:
Conservative Party, Tories
Liberal Party, Whigs
Prussia and Austria
Revolution of 1848
Establishment of censitary suffrage and constitutional texts
Austria and Hungary
Mobilisation of the Hungarian nationalists converted the two countries into a dual monarchy in 1867
Austro-Hungarian Empire, It had two capitals, governments and parliaments, and a single sovereign
The United States
Submission of the indigenous population
American Civil War or War Between the States
North won the war
Abraham Lincoln, slaves were freed
Former black slaves were granted the right to vote
Two major political parties, the Republicans and the Democrats
Racial segregation, women’s suffrage
Mass immigration from Europe