LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS
THE RESTORATION IS OVERTURNED
estate system to a class society and contributed to the expansion of the Industrial Revolution
after the Congress of Vienna
there were three waves of antiabsolutist revolutionary movements in Europe
Some of these had a strong nationalist component
were the liberal revolutions
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAVE OF 1820
In 1820
in parts of Spain, Portugal, Naples and Piedmont
there were revolutions inspired by the Spanish Constitution written in Cádiz in 1812
Holy Alliance
took part in military interventions in Spain, Naples and Piedmont and reinstated absolutism
In 1822
were revolutionary outbreaks in France and Russia
which were easily stopped
democratic assembly declared Greece’s independence from the absolutist power of the Ottoman Empire
Great Britain, Russia and France took part in the war in 1827
in defence of their strategic interests and in support of the Greeks, who gained independence in 1830.
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAVE OF 1830
King of France: Louis XVIII, was succeeded by Charles X
groups of intellectuals, students and workers organised the July Revolution in Paris
Louis Philippe of Orleans
abolished censorship and extended the right to vote.
LIBERTY LEADING THE PEOPLE BY FERDINAND-EUGÈNE-VICTOR DELACROIX (1798–1863)
painting was inspired by the French Revolution of 1830
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAVE OF 1848
Second French Republic
the effects of an intense international economic crisis that began in 1845
workers played an important part in establishing universal manhood suffrage and measures to guarantee employment
Second French Empire
1851
was crowned Napoleon III
Napoleon’s nephew
workers’ uprising was repressed by the army
Revolution of 1848
spread to cities in Austria, the German Confederation, Italy and Russia.
Nationalist, democratic and social demands
political breakthroughs had been made in all regions except for Russia.
2 THE CONSOLIDATION OF LIBERAL REGIMES
democrats
they defended universal manhood suffrage under the principle of ‘one man, one vote’.
political parties
promote their ideas and interests
political pressure and the transformation of industrialised societies, parliamentary representation expanded in regimes with census suffrage through changes in the electoral systems
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FRANCE
Under the Second French Empire, a regime was established that maintained universal manhood suffrage
plebiscites or referendums
Instead of elections
questions were asked in such a way that the result was always favourable to him.
GREAT BRITAIN
Queen Victoria
For most of the 19th century
British parliamentarism became very stable
two political parties
Conservative Party (Tories)
the Liberal Party (Whigs
PRUSSIA AND AUSTRIA
Revolution of 1848
led to the establishment of censitary suffrage and constitutional texts in the Kingdom of Prussia and in Austria
Austro-Hungarian Empire
Austria, the mobilisation of the Hungarian nationalists converted the two countries into a dual monarchy in 1867
RUSSIA
Russia had an absolutist political system, without a parliament and based on a mainly agricultural economy.
THE UNITED STATES
submission of the indigenous population
violent repression of any resistance
Confederate States of America
American Civil War or War Between the States (1861–1865)
Abraham Lincoln
all slaves were freed
more liberal and industrialised North won the war, and under the leadership of President
racial segregation
with frequent violence against black people
women’s suffrage (1869)
state of Wyoming was the first to recognise
mass immigration from Europe
ELLIS ISLAND
45 million Europeans emigrated to young countries and colonial dominions
in the port of New York
symbol of great waves of European migrants arriving in the United States