LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS

THE RESTORATION IS OVERTURNED

THE REVOLUTIONARY WAVE OF 1820

The Holy Alliance

In parts of Spain, Portugal, Naples and Piedmont

There were revolutions

Inspired by the Spanish Constitution

Took part in military interventions

In Spain, Naples and Piedmont

Reinstated absolutism

Declined due to

Divisions among its members

Great Britain

Criticised its work

Opposited

The absolutist troops

Didn't penetrate Portugal

Allowed the Portuguese revolutionaries

To establish a constitutional regime

In 1822

There were revolutionary outbreaks

In France and Russia

Were easily stopped

A democratic assembly

Declared Greece’s independence

From the Ottoman Empire

Was supported

By many European liberals

Led to war (1827)

Gained independence in 1830

THE REVOLUTIONARY WAVE OF 1830

Louis XVIII, the king of France

Was succeeded by Charles X

Hoped to reign in an absolutist way

Large sectors of the French bourgeoisie

Had liberal ideas

Groups of intellectuals, students and workers

Organised the July Revolution in Paris

Against the absolutist tendencies of Charles X

Within an economic crisis

After the king abdicated

A parliamentary monarchy was established

Under Louis Philippe of Orleans

Recognised national sovereignty

Abolished censorship

Extended the right to vote

Influenced by what had happened in France

The Belgians

Proclaimed their independence

From the Kingdom of the Netherlands

Established a parliamentary monarchy

Subject to a constitution

In Poland

The nationalistic uprising

Was crushed by the tsar’s army

LIBERTY LEADING THE PEOPLE BY FERDINAND

THE REVOLUTIONARY WAVE OF 1848

Louis Philippe of Orleans'

Was becoming more conservative

Causing discontent among radical liberals

The workers

Suffered the most

From the effects of

An intense international economic crisis

Led to a revolution

The Second French Republic

Was proclaimed

Established universal manhood suffrage

Measures to guarantee employment

Fear and opposition

From the bourgeoisie

Was led by

Social advances

The role of the workers

Supported some change

A workers’ uprising

Was repressed by the army

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

Was elected president

Proclaimed the Second French Empire

Was crowned Napoleon III

The Revolution of 1848

Spread to other cities

Nationalist, democratic and social demands

Were particularly important

In these movements

THE CONSOLIDATION OF LIBERAL REGIMES

Democrats

Defended universal manhood suffrage

They organised themselves into

Political parties

FRANCE

A regime was established

Maintained universal manhood suffrage

No real separation of powers

Depended on Napoleon III

Instead of elections

The emperor called

Plebiscites or referendums

GREAT BRITAIN

Britain’s monarch was Queen Victoria

British parliamentarism

Became very stable

Power alternating between two political parties

The Conservative Party (Tories)

The Liberal Party (Whigs)

PRUSSIA AND AUSTRIA

The mobilisation of the Hungarian nationalists

Converted the two countries

Into a dual monarchy

The Austro-Hungarian Empire

THE UNITED STATES

Submission of the indigenous population

There was still slavery in the southern states

Slaves fled north

The northern states

Wanted to abolish slavery

The American Civil War

North won the war

President Abraham Lincoln

All slaves were freed

Former black slaves

Were granted the right to vote

Two major political parties

The Republicans

The Democrats

The former Confederate States

Took the vote from

Black and poor white citizens

Established racial segregation

The state of Wyoming

First to recognise women’s suffrage

American economic prosperity

Attracted mass immigration from Europe

ELLIS ISLAND

A symbol of great waves of European migrants

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