LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS
THE RESTORATION IS OVERTURNED
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAVE OF 1820
The Holy Alliance
In parts of Spain, Portugal, Naples and Piedmont
There were revolutions
Inspired by the Spanish Constitution
Took part in military interventions
In Spain, Naples and Piedmont
Reinstated absolutism
Declined due to
Divisions among its members
Great Britain
Criticised its work
Opposited
The absolutist troops
Didn't penetrate Portugal
Allowed the Portuguese revolutionaries
To establish a constitutional regime
In 1822
There were revolutionary outbreaks
In France and Russia
Were easily stopped
A democratic assembly
Declared Greece’s independence
From the Ottoman Empire
Was supported
By many European liberals
Led to war (1827)
Gained independence in 1830
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAVE OF 1830
Louis XVIII, the king of France
Was succeeded by Charles X
Hoped to reign in an absolutist way
Large sectors of the French bourgeoisie
Had liberal ideas
Groups of intellectuals, students and workers
Organised the July Revolution in Paris
Against the absolutist tendencies of Charles X
Within an economic crisis
After the king abdicated
A parliamentary monarchy was established
Under Louis Philippe of Orleans
Recognised national sovereignty
Abolished censorship
Extended the right to vote
Influenced by what had happened in France
The Belgians
Proclaimed their independence
From the Kingdom of the Netherlands
Established a parliamentary monarchy
Subject to a constitution
In Poland
The nationalistic uprising
Was crushed by the tsar’s army
LIBERTY LEADING THE PEOPLE BY FERDINAND
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAVE OF 1848
Louis Philippe of Orleans'
Was becoming more conservative
Causing discontent among radical liberals
The workers
Suffered the most
From the effects of
An intense international economic crisis
Led to a revolution
The Second French Republic
Was proclaimed
Established universal manhood suffrage
Measures to guarantee employment
Fear and opposition
From the bourgeoisie
Was led by
Social advances
The role of the workers
Supported some change
A workers’ uprising
Was repressed by the army
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
Was elected president
Proclaimed the Second French Empire
Was crowned Napoleon III
The Revolution of 1848
Spread to other cities
Nationalist, democratic and social demands
Were particularly important
In these movements
THE CONSOLIDATION OF LIBERAL REGIMES
Democrats
Defended universal manhood suffrage
They organised themselves into
Political parties
FRANCE
A regime was established
Maintained universal manhood suffrage
No real separation of powers
Depended on Napoleon III
Instead of elections
The emperor called
Plebiscites or referendums
GREAT BRITAIN
Britain’s monarch was Queen Victoria
British parliamentarism
Became very stable
Power alternating between two political parties
The Conservative Party (Tories)
The Liberal Party (Whigs)
PRUSSIA AND AUSTRIA
The mobilisation of the Hungarian nationalists
Converted the two countries
Into a dual monarchy
The Austro-Hungarian Empire
THE UNITED STATES
Submission of the indigenous population
There was still slavery in the southern states
Slaves fled north
The northern states
Wanted to abolish slavery
The American Civil War
North won the war
President Abraham Lincoln
All slaves were freed
Former black slaves
Were granted the right to vote
Two major political parties
The Republicans
The Democrats
The former Confederate States
Took the vote from
Black and poor white citizens
Established racial segregation
The state of Wyoming
First to recognise women’s suffrage
American economic prosperity
Attracted mass immigration from Europe
ELLIS ISLAND
A symbol of great waves of European migrants
