LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS
RESTORATION IS OVERTURNED
REVOLUTIONARY WAVE OF 1820
REVOLUTIONARY WAVE OF 1830
REVOLUTIONARY WAVE OF 1848
After the Congress of Vienna
3 waves of
Antiabsolutist revolutionary movements
These were liberal revolutions
Same route as 18th-century
In European countries
Transition from
Estate system to class society
Industrial Revolution continue expanding
In 1820
Spain, Portugal, Naples & Piedmont
Inspired by Spanish Constitution
In Cadiz in 1812
Holy Alliance
Reinstated absolutism in
Spain, Naples & Piedmot's interventions
Holy alliance declined
Division of its members
Great Britain's criticism
Portugal
Wasn't penetrated by absolutist troops
Due to British opposition
Established a constitutional regime
In 1822
Outbreaks in France & Russia
Easily stopped
Greece's independence was declared
From absolutist power of Ottoman Empire
By a democratic assembly
Supported by European liberals
Led to war in 1827
Great Britain, Russia & France supported
In defence of strategic interests
Support of the Greeks
Gained independence in 1830
In France
King Louis XVIII succeeded by Charles X
Reign in absolutist way
French bourgeoisie didn't match with monarch
They had liberal ideas
1830
July Revolution in Paris
Intelectuals, students & workers organised it
Against Charles X the absolutist
Economic crisis
King abdicated
Parlamentary monarchy was established
Under Louis Philippe of Orleans
Recognised national sovereignty
Abolished censorship
Extended the right to vote
In Belgium
Influenced by France
They proclaimed their independence
From Kingdom of the Netehrlands
Established a parlamentary monarchy
Nacionalistic uprising in Poland
Because of the overthrow of Charles X
They were part of Russian Empire
Uprising was stopped by tsar's army
Tsar's army = Russian Emperor
In France
In 1845 for workers
International economic crisis began
Louis Philippe of Orleans' becoming conservative
Caused discontent in radical liberals
Led to a revolution
Second French Republic was proclaimed
Workers were important
Established universal manhood suffrage
Guarantee employment
Many social advantages
Fear & opposition from bourgeoisie
Eventually supported some change
Workers' uprising repressed by the army
Napoleon's nephew was elected president
Called Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
In 1851 proclaimed Second French Empire
Crowned Napoleon III
Revolution of 1848
Spread into cities
Austria, German Confederation, Italy & Russia
Important nationalist, democratic & social demands
At the end
Political breakthroughs had being made
All regions except for Russia
CONSOLIDATION OF LIBERAL REGIMES
Pressure to extend citizens right to vote
Demand of workers/radical liberals
Called democrats
Defended universal manhood suffrage
"One man, one vote"
Parlamentary representation expanded
Parlamentarians or deputies represented
Upper bourgeoisie / middle class
Organised into political parties
Promote ideas & interests
Representativeness increased but
Still all workers didn't have right to vote
Hostility and persecution
<-- Result
Sympathised with revolutionary ideologies
Achieve political recognition
Improve working/living conditions
FRANCE
Second French Empire
Established universal manhood suffrage
No separation of the powers
Depended in Napoleon III
No elections
Plebiscites or referendums
Questions asked in a way to favourable him
GREAT BRITAIN
Britain's monarch: Queen Victoria
British parliamentarism was stable
2 political parties with power
Conservative Party (Tories)
Liberal Party (Whigs)
Success due to
Reforming its laws to increase representation
Didn't achieve universal manhood suffrage
PRUSSIA and AUSTRIA
Establishment of censitary suffrage
And constitutional texts
In Austria
Mobilisation of the Hungarian nationalists
Converted 2 countries into a dual monarchy
1867 " Austro-Hungarian Empire"
2 capitals, governments and parliaments
One single sovereign
UNITED STATES
Considerable progress
Extended universal manhood suffrage
Several states
Most members of the Union later
Recognised it for white men
Approved it
Great terrtorial expansion to the west
Submission of the indigenous population
Indigenous tribes were confined
Their territories occupied by white settlers
Still slavery in southern states
Slaves fled north because it had been abolished
Norther states wanted
Abolish slavery in the Nation
Southern states opposed
Tried to form an independent state
(Confederate States of America)
Led to American Civil War
Liberal & industrialised North won
Under the leadership Abraham Lincoln
In 1870
Former black slaves granted right to vote
Two political parties
Republicans and Democrats
Fought in elections for power
Former Confederate States passed laws
Took the right to vote of black/poor white
Established racial segregation
Violent against black people
Mass immigration from Europe attracted
Because of
Political stability after Civil War
Industrialisation & American economic prosperity
Poor living conditions
Many health and public problems
New neighbourhoods built for them
According to national or ethnic origins
ELLIS ISLAND
Waves of Europeans emmigrated
In the port of New York
Today is a museum
Pays tribute to people who passed it
Later contributed to county's growth
