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LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS - Coggle Diagram
LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS
2 THE CONSOLIDATION OF LIBERAL REGIMES
demands of workers and radical liberals
the right to vote
democrats
they defended universal manhood suffrage (‘one man, one vote’)
political pressure and the transformation of industrialised societies
led to
parliamentary representation expanded in regimes
with census suffrage through changes in the electoral systems
parliamentarians or deputies represented the concerns of
the upper bourgeoisie
the middle classes
organised themselves into political parties
to promote ideas and interests
liberal political regimes
hostility and sometimes persecution towards
them
trade union
the First International
revolutionary ideologies
to achieve political recognition
to improve their working and living conditions
FRANCE
Second French Empire
universal manhood suffrage
no real separation of powers
everything depended on Napoleon III
NO ELECTIONS
plebiscites or referendums
The questions were asked in a way that the result was always favourable to him
suffrage was recognised
NOT PUT INTO PRACTICE
GREAT BRITAIN
Queen Victoria (1837–1901)
British parliamentarism became very stable
power between two political parties
Conservative Party (Tories)
Liberal Party (Whigs)
the success of British politics
was due to
reforming its laws to increase representation
NO universal manhood suffrage
PRUSSIA AND AUSTRIA
The Revolution of 1848
establishment of censitary suffrage
constitutional texts
freedoms were limited by the power of their sovereigns
In Austria
the mobilisation of the Hungarian nationalists
converted the two countries into a dual monarchy in 1867
Austro-Hungarian Empire
It had two
capital
governments
parliaments
single sovereign
UNITED STATES
universal manhood suffrage
Several states recognised it for WHITE MEN in the early 1800s
great territorial expansion to the west
submission of the indigenous population
who were confined to reservations
their territories were occupied by white settlers
violent repression of any resistance
slavery in the southern states
slaves fled north (slavery had already been abolished)
Southern states created an Independent State
The Confederate States of America
IT LED TO
American Civil War or War Between the States (1861–1865)
The North won the war -> President Abraham Lincoln
all slaves were freed
right to vote for former black slaves
in 1870
Two major political parties
Republicans
conservative
Democrats
liberal
fought to gain power in elections
the former Confederate States
passed laws that took the vote from black and poor white citizens
racial segregation against black people
the state of Wyoming
women’s suffrage (1869)
after the Civil War
Political stability
industrialisation
American economic prosperity
IT LED TO
mass immigration from Europe
poor living conditions
health and public order problems in cities
new neighbourhoods were built
according to their national or ethnic origins
The Ku Klux Klan
terrorist and racist organisation
created after the American Civil Wa
claimed that white men were supreme
anti-communist
homophobic
anti-Semitic
violence and intimidation
to frighten their victims
Burn crosses
RUSSIA
NO parliament
absolutist political system
agricultural economy
ELLIS ISLAND
In the 19th century
45 million Europeans emigrated
to young countries and colonial dominions
USA
Argentina
Australia
New Zealand
Canada
in the port of New York
symbol of great waves of European migrants arriving in USA
museum that pays tribute to all the people who passed through it
who later contributed to the country’s growth
THE RESTORATION IS OVERTURNED
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAVE OF 1830
the king of France, Louis XVIII, was succeeded by Charles X
who wanted to reign in an absolutist way
French bourgeoisie's liberals ideas were not the same as the monarch's aspirations
July Revolution in Paris
In 1830
against the absolutist tendencies of Charles X
by groups of intellectuals, students and workers
resulted in
the king abdicated
parliamentary monarchy was established
under Louis Philippe of Orleans
recognised national sovereignty
abolished censorship
extended the right to vote
Belgians proclaimed their independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands
->parliamentary monarchy subject to a constitution
nationalistic uprising in Poland
which was crushed by the tsar’s army (Russian empire)
LIBERTY LEADING THE PEOPLE BY FERDINAND-EUGÈNE-VICTOR DELACROIX (1798–1863)
inspired by the French Revolution of 1830
led to Louis Philippe of Orleans being crowned king
book Les Misérables.
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAVE OF 1820
Portuguese revolutionaries established a constitutional regime
the absolutist troops did not penetrate it due to British opposition
Greece’s independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1830
Great Britain, Russia and France took part in the war in 1827
strategic interests
support of the Greeks
in parts of Spain, Portugal, Naples and Piedmont
revolutions inspired by the Spanish Constitution (Cádiz 1812)
The Holy Alliance intervened and reinstated absolutism
revolutionary outbreaks in France and Russia in 1822
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAVE OF 1848
intense international economic crisis in 1845
because
In France, Louis Philippe of Orleans’ reign was becoming more conservative
this caused discontent among radical liberals
the workers suffered the most
played an important part in establishing
universal manhood suffrage
measures to guarantee employment
It led to the Second French Republic
Social advances and the role of the workers led to
fear and opposition from the bourgeoisie
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was the president
Second French Empire in 1851
Napoleon III
spread to cities in
Russia
Austria
German Confederation
Italy
Nationalist, democratic and social demands
were important
political breakthroughs had been made in all regions
except for Russia
after the Congress of Vienna
antiabsolutist revolutionary movements
led to the transition from an estate system to a class society
contributed to the expansion of the Industrial Revolution
