04 LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS
- The Restoration Is Overturned
2 The Consolidation Of Liberal Regimes
Places
political parties
liberal political regimes
democrats
Anti absolutist revolutionary movements
Wave of 1830
Wave of 1848
Wave of 1820
estate system to a class society
liberal revolutions
Great Britain
1822
1820: Spain, Portugal,
Naples and Piedmon
July Revolution in Paris
Influenced by France
workers played an important part
The Revolution of 1848
France
radical liberals
1845: economic crisis began
Louis Philippe of Orleans
The Holy Alliance intervened
Spanish Constitution of Cádiz in 1812
declined
Portuguese revolutionaries
oppose to penetrate Portugal
constitutional regime
criticised the Holy Alliance
Greece’s independence
revolutionaries in France and Russia
were easily stopped
led to war
gained independence in 1830
supported by European liberals
from the Ottoman Empire
Great Britain, Russia and France
support of the Greeks
1827
Louis XVIII, was succeeded by Charles X
French bourgeoisie had liberal ideas
absolutist
Louis Philippe of Orleans
king abdicated
workers, students, intellectuals... In 1830
recognised national sovereignty
abolished censorship and extended the right to vote
parliamentary monarchy was established
established a parliamentary monarchy
made a constitution
Belgians separated from the Kingdom of the Netherlands
Overthrow of Charles X influenced
Poland
Russian Empire
more conservative
Second French Republic was proclaimed
bourgeoisie: supported some change
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
workers led to fear and opposition
workers’ uprising was repressed by the army
Second French Empire in 1851
was crowned Napoleon III
Nationalist, democratic and social demands
political breakthroughs
Austria, the German Confederation, Italy and Russia
elected president
Prussia and Austria
The United States
Great Britain
France
Ellis Island
Liberty Leading The People
features
French Revolution of 1830: Louis Philippe of Orleans being crowned king
Ferdinand-Eugène-Victor Delacroix (1798–1863)
middle class: top hat
workers: the cap and two pistols
Liberty: central figure, Phrygian cap, French flag and a rifle
Charles X’s troops: dead soldiers
after Congress of Vienna
strong nationalist component
expansion of the Industrial Revolution
Revolutionary Meetings
universities and urban settings to conspire
lodges or secret societies
1830 and 1848
because of raids by absolutist police
Carbonari in Italy
clandestine political parties
emperor called plebiscites
Second French Empire
reforming of laws
Queen Victoria (1837–1901)
Austria
Russia
The Revolution of 1848
mass immigration from Europe
racial segregation
in the port of New York
today is a museum
45 million Europeans emigrated
defended universal manhood suffrage
citizens’ right to vote
revolutionary waves and laboral progression
demand of workers
demand of radical liberals
electoral systems
deputies represented the concerns of
promote their ideas and interest
transformation of industrialised societies
political pressure
middle classes
upper bourgeoisie
hostility and persecution towards them
empathize revolutionary ideologies
large groups of workers
achieve political recognition
improve their conditions
without right to vote
regime was established
maintained universal manhood suffrage
no real separation of powers
result favourable to him
suffrage was recognised but not put into practice
to justify his position
instead of elections
political parties
parliamentarism was stable
Conservative Party (Tories)
Liberal Party (Whigs)
universal manhood suffrage was not achieved
without parliament
based agriculture
absolutist political system
constitutional texts
freedoms were limited
censitary suffrage
two capitals
Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867)
Hungarian nationalists
governments and parliaments
single sovereign
pays tribute
became a symbol of great waves
colonial dominions
young countries
American Civil War (1861–1865)
White Racim
submission of the indigenous population
Ku Klux Klan
after American Civil War
white men supreme, anti-communist, homophobic, anti-Semitic
terrorist and racist organisation
violence and intimidation
indigenous tribes
great territorial expansion
universal manhood suffrage
most members of the Union approved
white men in the early 1800s
confined to reservations
territories were occupied
southern states opposed
North won the war
northern states
leadership of President Abraham Lincoln
wanted to abolish slavery
tried to form an independent state
elections
Confederate States
In 1870, black slaves were able to vote
took the vote from black citizens
frequent violence against black peolpe
Wyoming
Democrats
Republicans
women’s suffrage (1869)
poor living conditions
neighbourhoods were built
Political stability, industrialisation and economic prosperity
health problems
public order problems
according to national or ethnic origins
