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04 LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS, image, image, image, image, image, image, image,…

- - - - expansion of the Industrial Revolution
    - - strong nationalist component
  - - - Louis Philippe of Orleans
        
        recognised national sovereignty
        
        abolished censorship and extended the right to vote
        
        parliamentary monarchy was established
      - king abdicated
        
        Overthrow of Charles X influenced
        
        Poland
        
        Russian Empire
      - workers, students, intellectuals... In 1830
    - - established a parliamentary monarchy
      - made a constitution
      - Belgians separated from the Kingdom of the Netherlands
    - - French bourgeoisie had liberal ideas
      - absolutist
    - - universities and urban settings to conspire
      - lodges or secret societies
        
        because of raids by absolutist police
        
        Carbonari in Italy
        
        clandestine political parties
      - 1830 and 1848
  - - - bourgeoisie: supported some change
      - Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
        
        Second French Empire in 1851
        
        was crowned Napoleon III
        
        elected president
      - workers led to fear and opposition
        
        workers’ uprising was repressed by the army
    - - Nationalist, democratic and social demands
      - political breakthroughs
      - Austria, the German Confederation, Italy and Russia
    - - radical liberals
      - 1845: economic crisis began
      - Louis Philippe of Orleans
        
        more conservative
      - Second French Republic was proclaimed
  - - - Portuguese revolutionaries
        
        constitutional regime
      - oppose to penetrate Portugal
      - criticised the Holy Alliance
    - - Greece’s independence
        
        led to war
        
        Great Britain, Russia and France
        
        support of the Greeks
        
        1827
        
        gained independence in 1830
        
        supported by European liberals
        
        from the Ottoman Empire
      - revolutionaries in France and Russia
        
        were easily stopped
    - - The Holy Alliance intervened
        
        declined
      - Spanish Constitution of Cádiz in 1812
- - - - transformation of industrialised societies
      - political pressure
    - - middle classes
      - upper bourgeoisie
  - - - achieve political recognition
      - improve their conditions
    - - without right to vote
  - - - demand of workers
      - demand of radical liberals
- - - - two capitals
        
        governments and parliaments
        
        single sovereign
      - Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867)
        
        Hungarian nationalists
    - - without parliament
      - based agriculture
      - absolutist political system
    - - constitutional texts
      - freedoms were limited
      - censitary suffrage
  - - - poor living conditions
        
        health problems
        
        public order problems
      - neighbourhoods were built
        
        according to national or ethnic origins
      - Political stability, industrialisation and economic prosperity
    - - elections
        
        Democrats
        
        Republicans
      - Confederate States
        
        took the vote from black citizens
        
        frequent violence against black peolpe
        
        Wyoming
        
        women’s suffrage (1869)
      - In 1870, black slaves were able to vote
    - - southern states opposed
        
        tried to form an independent state
      - North won the war
        
        leadership of President Abraham Lincoln
      - northern states
        
        wanted to abolish slavery
    - - Ku Klux Klan
        
        after American Civil War
        
        white men supreme, anti-communist, homophobic, anti-Semitic
        
        terrorist and racist organisation
        
        violence and intimidation
    - - indigenous tribes
        
        confined to reservations
        
        territories were occupied
      - great territorial expansion
      - universal manhood suffrage
        
        most members of the Union approved
        
        white men in the early 1800s
  - - - universal manhood suffrage was not achieved
    - - political parties
        
        Conservative Party (Tories)
        
        Liberal Party (Whigs)
      - parliamentarism was stable
  - - - result favourable to him
      - suffrage was recognised but not put into practice
      - to justify his position
      - instead of elections
    - - regime was established
        
        maintained universal manhood suffrage
        
        no real separation of powers
  - - - became a symbol of great waves
    - - pays tribute
    - - colonial dominions
      - young countries