liberal revolutions
The restoration is overturned
three ways of
antiabsolutist revolutionary movements in europe.
transition from
strong nationalist component.
an estate system to a class society
revolutionary wave of 1820
parts of Spain, Portugal, Naples and Piedmont
they ere revolutioners
Holy Alliance
military interventions
reinstated absolutism.
Holy Alliance declined some divisions
Portuguese revolutionaries
establish a constitutional regime.
revolutionary wave of 1830
king of France
succeeded by Charles X
reign in an absolutist way
groups of intellectuals, students and workers
organised the July Revolution
After the king abdicated
parliamentary monarchy was established
under Louis Philippe of Orleans
recognised national sovereignty
Belgians proclaimed their independence
from Kingdom of Netherlands
Charles X also influenced
in Poland
revolutionary wave of 1848
reign was becoming more conservative
This all led to a revolution
workers suffered the most
Second French Republic
international economic crisis
workers’ uprising
repressed by the army.
Napoleon’s nephew
elected president
proclaimed the Second French Empire
democratic and social demands
When they ended
political breakthroughs
consolidation of liberal regimes
democrats
defended universal manhood suffrage
under one principle ‘one man, one vote’.
‘one man, one vote’.
parliamentarians or deputies
organised themselves into political parties
to promote ideas and interests
france
was no real separation of powers
everything depended on Napoleon III.
emperor called
plebiscites or referendums
to justify his position.
great britain
monarch was Queen Victoria
parliamentarism became very stable
power alternating between two
Liberal Party
Conservative Party
Prussia and Austria
Revolution of 1848
establish a censitary suffrage
freedoms were limited
mobilisation of the Hungarian nationalists
converted the two countries
Austro-Hungarian Empire
had two capitals
united states
first to recognise women’s suffrage
racial segregation with frequent violence
Two major political parties
Democrats
Republicans
more liberal and industrialised North won
leadership of President Abraham Lincoln
tried to form an independent state
which led
American Civil War
still slavery in the southern states
territorial expansion to the west
submission of the indigenous population
industrialisation and American economic improve
attracted immigration from Europe
ellis island
19th century
45 million Europeans emigrated
United States
Argentina
New Zealand
Australia
Canada
