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LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS, image, image, image, image, image, image, image,…
LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS
THE CONSOLIDATION OF LIBERAL REGIMES
FRANCE
Under the Second French Empire
a regime was established
they maintained universal manhood suffrage
but there was no real separation of powers
the result was always favourable to him
the suffrage was recognised but it was fiction
all depended on Napoleon III
GREAT BRITAIN
Queen Victoria (1837-1901)
British parliamentary became very stable
with power alternating two political parties
the Liberal Party
the Conservative Party
universal manhood suffrage was not achieved
PRUSSIA AND AUSTRIA
Revolution of 1848
led to censitary suffrage
and the constitution texts
freedoms were limited by the sovereigns
the Austro-Hungarian Empire was created
one sovereign
governments and parliaments
two capitals
THE UNITED STATES
Extended Universal manhood suffrage made progress
several states recognised it
great territorial expansion
resulted in submission of the indigenous population
there was still slavery
northern states wanted to abolish it
southern states opposed
all this led to the American Civil War
the liberals won the war
with Abraham Lincoln
all slaves were freed
in 1870
former black slaves were granted right to vote
two major political parties
Democrats
Republicans
the racial segregation was established
women's suffrage was recognised
political stability attracted mass immigration from Europe
MIDDLE OF THE 19TH CENTURY
successive revolutionary waves
progressive articulation of the labour movement
right to vote started to increase
one of the demands of workers and liberals
called themselves democrats
they defended universal manhood suffrage
parliamentary representation expanded
deputies
they defended the upper bourgeoisie and the middle class
they organised themselves in political parties
THE RESTORATION IS OVERTURNED
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAVE OF 1830
Louis XVIII (France) was succeeded by Charles X
He wanted to reign in an absolutist way
bourgeoisie had liberal ideas
in 1830
groups of intellectuals organised the July Revolution
they fought against absolutist tendencies
the King abdicated
a parliamentary monarchy was established
Louis Philippe of Orleans
he recognised national sovereignty
he abolished censorship and extended right to vote
due to all the Influence
Belgians proclaimed their independence
and they established a parliamentary monarchy
the overthrow of Charles X influenced nationalistic uprising
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAVE OF 1848
in France
Louis Philippe of Orleans' reign more conservative
discontent among radical liberals
workers suffered the effects of a crisis
this led to a revolution
Second French Republic was proclaimed
workers played an important part in manhood suffrage
social advances led to
fear and opposition from the bourgeoisie
they supported some change
a workers uprising was repressed by the army
Napoleon's nephew was elected president
the Second French Empire was proclaimed (1851)
the Revolution of 1848
spread to cities in
Austria
the German Confederation
Russia
Italy
nationalist , democratic and social demand were important
when they ended
political breakthroughs had been made
except Russia
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAVE OF 1820
revolutions inspired by the Spanish constitution (1812)
the Holy Alliance took part in military interventions
they reinstated absolutism
the Holy Alliance declined
due to
divisions among its members
Great Britain's criticism
Absolutist troops didn't penetrate Portugal due to British
In 1822
revolutionary outbreaks
a democratic assembly declared Greece's independence
led to war
supported by a lot of Europeans
Great Britain, France, Russia took part in the war (1827)
Greeks gained independence in 1830
