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Lee & Malerba, 2017, Defining factors:
Learning processes;
Level…
Lee & Malerba, 2017
Catch up
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Process
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Leads to development of indigenous learning and capability building which is essentially distinct from those of leading countries.
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Types & steps.
Standard catch up cycle.
- Entry stage. Latecomer enters market utilising macro factors, such as low costs.
Initial conditions
- Factor endownments;
- Natural resources;
- Culture;
- Extent of inequality;
- Historical legacies;
- Legal institutions;
- Industrial structure; and
- Entrepreneurship.
Macro variables
- Low labour costs;
- High exchange rates; among others.
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- Gradual catching up. Latecomer achieves cost advantages and learning, makes investments and gradually acumulates capabilities. Gains advantages in dimensions such as product differentiation, high-end products, sectoral upgrade and innovation.
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Other system factors
- High-quality human capital from advanced educational organisations;
- Public research organisations;
- Networks of related firms; and
- Vertical links with suppliers and users.
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- Forging ahead. Latecomer responds positively to windows of opportunity and achieves leadership, and incumbent enters decline.
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- Falling behind. New leader loses leadership to a new latecomer in a succesive catch up cycle.
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Sectoral systems
Composition.
- Regimes of knowledge and technologies;
- Demand conditions;
- Actors and networks; and
- Institutions.
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Defining factors:
- Learning processes;
- Level of capabilities;
- Organization; and
- Strategies.
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