Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Education. - Coggle Diagram
Education.
FUNCTIONALISM VIEW.
Secondary socialisation, (Durkheim) = Teaches children the norms and values which prepare them for the wider world.
Parsons argues school has two major values: meritocracy and equality of opportunity.
Providing a bridge between home and work, Parsons argues schools help children bridge the gap between home (where they are judged with particularistic standards), and at work (where they are judged using universalistic standards).
Role allocation, Davis and Moore, they see education as a means of role allocation, where the education system sifts and sorts people according to their abilities, the most talented gain high qualifications.
EVALUATION
- little equality of opportunity
- different values are taught to different groups within education
- values of school & the purpose of job training may not reflect the needs of society.
MARXISM VIEW.
Althusser argued that through the formal curriculum in schools, students learn to accept the capitalist system.
Ideological state apparatus (ISA) , means a social institution whose main role is to pass on the dominant ideology of the ruling class.
Repressive state apparatus (RSA), means a social institution whose role is to enforce the dominant ideology by force or threat of force, e.g. the police.
Bowels and Gintis, argue that the hidden curriculum of schools doesn't instil the shared norms and values, but rather those norms and values of the ruling class.
Willis, includes elements of interpretivism that he appreciates the way in which individuals shape their own experience rather than being completely determined by society.
EVALUATION
- marxists are blind to evidence that suggets society is becoming more open.
- underestimate vocational training roles of schools.
- doubtful of whether schools successfully instil attitudes & values.
NEW RIGHT.
-
Created an 'education market', where schools were ran like businesses. This then lead to the idea of league tables.
Chubb and Moe, argue that the education system has failed because it hasn't reached equal opportunities and failed the needs of disadvantaged groups as private schools deliver higher education.
-
EVALUATION
- Gerwitz&Ball argue competition between schools benefits the middle class.
- The real cause of low educational standards isn't state control, it's social inequality & inadequate funding of state schools.
CLASS EXTERNAL.
Speech codes - Bernstein
Restricted code, spoken by w/c, normally short basic senatences.
Elaborated code, spoken by m/c, longer more complex sentences.
Housing can be a cause of differences of educational achievement as there is no space for students to study at home (directly), or cold and damp housing which can affect health & welfare on ill health (indirectly).
Material deprivation, less resources like books, clothing which can cause children to underachieve as they wont have the correct resources to help them within school, and if they are unable to purchase the right uniform, then they may not go into school because they may be bullied.
Bourdieu argues that higher classes are at an advantage and that the working classes are 'duped' into accepting failure
Parents education - Douglas can have an impact on their childs education as they will have different parenting styles. W/C parents place less of a value on education, where as M/C parents will place more value which will benefit their childs development.
Inadequate nutrition can be a cause of differences in education as if a student isn't getting the right amount of nutrients, then they will be ill and have absences off school. (Howard and Wilkinson)
CLASS INTERNAL.
Labelling is when you attach a meaning / defenition to someone, teachers label students upon stereotypes. Becker found teachers saw M/C students as more ideal and the W/C the more further away.
Self fulfilling prophecy is when a prediction becomes true , e.g. when a teacher calls a student something, and if it is repeated for example 'your stupid' they will then start to believe it and that is all they will say to themselves.
Pupil subcultures is when students share similar values and behaviour patterns, these normally emerge from when a student has been labelled or streamed. Anti school subculture, and pro school subculture.
Streaming is when students are put into ability groups who are all taught separately, the teacher may spend more time with the students that are doing better, than those who are doing worse.
GENDER INTERNAL.
Positive role models in school there has been an increase in the proportion of female teachers, they can act as role models for girls, showing they can achieve positions of importance.
GCSE and coursework
Mitsos & Browne conclude that girls are more successful in coursework because they are better organised than boys.
Elwood argues that eventhough coursework may have some influence, it's unlikely to be the cause of the gender gap.
Changing stereotypes, Weiner argues the removal of gender stereotypes within textbooks... has removed a barrier to girls achievement.
Selection and league tables marketisation policies have created a more of a competitve climate within schools. Jackson notes the introduction of exam league tables have improved opportunities for girls.
Slee argues boys are less attracted to school which may explain their behavioural difficulties.
GENDER EXTERNAL.
Impact of feminism, the feminist movement has had success in improving women's rights and opportunities through changes in the law. It has also raised womens expectations and self esteem.
Changes in the family :
- increase in divorce rates
- increase in cohabitation
- increase in lone parent families
These changes are affecting girls attitudes towards education as more women take on the role of the breadwinner.
Changes in women's employment
- the 1970 equal pay act makes it illegal to pay women less than men for equal work
- pay gap has halved from 30% - 15%
- position of women in employment risen from 53% - 67%
- women breaking through the glass ceiling
Girl's changing ambitions, Sharpe shows a major shift in how girls see their future. Girls used to have low aspirations but ambitions have now changed and are more likely to see their future as an independent women with a career.
Boys and literacy the gender gap is mainly due to boys poorer literacy as parents spend less time reading to their sons as boys have leisure persuits (football) which do little help to develop their language and communication
Shortage of male primary school teachers can be linked to boys underachievement as they can act as a role model for the young boys, especially is they live within a lone parent family.
ETHNICITY EXTERNAL.
Cultural deprivation
- Intellectual and linguistic skills, many children from low income black families lack intellectual stimulatiom, leaving them poorly equipped for school. Beretier and Englemann consider language spoken by low income black families as inadequate for educational success.
- Moynhian argues that because many black families are headed by a lone mother, their children are deprived of adequate care becvause she financially struggles.
EVALUATION
- Driver criticises cultural deprivation theory by ignoring the positive effects of ethnicity on underachievement.
- Keddie sees cultural depriavtion as a victim blaming explanation