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Needs for spatial skills
Migration/dispersal
Target finding (something you left behind)
Getting home after displacement
Methods
Dead reckoning
Piloting
Simple rules to stay in environment
Woodlice need wet and dark habitat
Turn more frequently to stay there
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Bacteria swarming motility
Altering of frequency of tumbling and running to change progression rates
Straight route once its looking for food.
Beewolves- Tinbergen
Finds using landmarks
Feeds paralysed bees to grubs
Mushroom bodies in brain.
Infrasound maps
Breaking waves and wind make low frequency sounds used for navigation
Calling by fieldfares
Olfactory maps
Pigeons, shearwaters
Compasses
Directional information from celestial clues
Northern Cricket Frog uses pineal eye
Birds use sun
Kramer 1951 - birds in lab showed directional restlessness.
Emlen Funnel - Bird on ink pad marks walls of funnel as it tries to migrate.
Magnetic sense
Present in birds, insects, amphibians,
Magentite in sense organs, nasal, ear and eye
Helmholtz coil reversed magnetic field around the birds heads
Coils turned off made home quicker
Camlitepe and Stradling 1995
Studied red wood ants