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Antibiotic Drug Resistance Rara Khairania Mayfa 1908260065 - Coggle…
Antibiotic Drug Resistance
Rara Khairania Mayfa
1908260065
Mechanisms of antibiotic drug resistance
The main mechanisms of resistance are: limiting uptake of a drug, modification of a drug target, inactivation of a drug, and active efflux of a drug. These mechanisms may be native to the microorganisms, or acquired from other microorganisms. Understanding more about these mechanisms should hopefully lead to better treatment options for infective diseases, and development of antimicrobial drugs that can withstand the microorganisms attempts to become resistant.
Definition of antibiotic drug resistance
Antibiotic resistance, loss of susceptibility of bacteria to the killing (bacteriocidal) or growth-inhibiting (bacteriostatic) properties of an antibiotic agent. When a resistant strain of bacteria is the dominant strain in an infection, the infection may become untreatable and life-threatening.
Factors influencing antibiotic drug resistance
The main drivers of antimicrobial resistance include the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials; lack of access to clean water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) for both humans and animals; poor infection and disease prevention and control in health-care facilities and farms; poor access to quality, affordable medicines, vaccines and diagnostics; lack of awareness and knowledge; and lack of enforcement of legislation.
Antibiotic drug resistance (CMD)
Anamnesis
To diagnose an antibiotic-resistant infection, doctor takes a medical history and asks about any medications you are taking.
Physical examination
He or she performs a physical examination to look for any signs of skin infections, which may be present in people with a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or MRSA, infection.
Supporting investigation
Blood Test
A doctor may order a blood test to look for the presence of bacteria, such as MRSA. A rapid test can detect an organism in as little as two hours. The blood can also be tested to determine whether the genetic material in the pathogen is from MRSA or a less dangerous form of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.
Bacterial Culture
Specialists in a laboratory expose the bacteria in the sample to different antibiotics. If the bacteria continue to grow, they are thought to be resistant to the medications. If they are destroyed, they are susceptible to the antibiotics, and your doctor can then prescribe one or more medications to manage the infection.
Pharmaco-management of antibiotic drug resistance
Antibiotic drug resistance education
Educational programs should emphasize on the mechanism of antimicrobial resistance, causes, health impact and risks associated with resistance
Effective communication between the stakeholders should be encouraged through fact sheets, posters or videos
Prevention of antibiotic drug resistance
Prevention of infections
Tracking resistance and the prescribing patterns
Major sources of antibiotic-resistant traits must be identified and tracked to analyze changes in the resistance patterns
Identification of a high-risk group of people
Promoting ideal handwashing techniques can reduce the spread of infections
Prevention of misuse
Improving antimicrobial prescribing patterns should involve the implementation of effective evidence-based strategies for diagnosing and treating diseases
Evidence-based policies must be implemented to prevent unnecessary prescribing of antibiotics and to ensure that the recommended policies are effectively implemented
Educational assistance should be given to the patients and the clinicians to ensure optimization of prescriptions.
Factors affecting adherence to taking antibiotics
The study results showed that knowledge regarding the effects of antibiotics was the most significant predictor of adherence to antibiotic therapies.
Impact of antibiotic drug resistance
Infectious diseases caused by bacteria that are resistant to treatment result in an increase in the length of time a person suffers from an illness.
When treatment becomes slow or even fails, the patient can become a bacterial host (carrier).
Increased risk of death and longer length of stay in hospital.
It is the cost of these treatment delays and failures to patients and the healthcare system that forms the basis of the negative impact of antibiotic resistance.
Indications & contraindications to the use of antibiotics
Antibiotics are used to treat or prevent some types of bacterial infection. They kill bacteria or prevent them from reproducing and spreading. Antibiotics aren't effective against viral infections. This includes the common cold, flu, most coughs and sore throats.
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to prescribed antibiotics, others in its family, or components of the drug. Some antibiotics are contraindicated in infants and children (e.g., tetracyclines, quinolones). Extreme Caution: Pregnancy and lactation (avoid unless benefits clearly outweigh risks).
