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Memory - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Coding is acoustic in short-term memory, and semantic in long-term memory.
        Baddeley (1966)
        
        More mistakes are made when recalling acoustically-similar words straight after learning, while more mistakes are made when recalling semantically similar words 20 minutes after learning them.
  - - - Capacity of STM is thought to be 7 +/- 2 items.
        Miller
        
        Believed humans have a predisposition to chunk our memory in 7s (eg 7 days of the week)
        
        Jacobs
        
        (1887) was the first to investigate this using the digit span technique (in which participants of the experiment are asked to recall a string of digits in serial order, with the number increasing until no more can be remembered). He indeed found an average of 7 digits recalled.
        
        Jacobs study lacks standardisation and could have been impacted by confounding variables such as harder words or a noisy room.
        
        Millers study lacks mundane realism due to the use of a artificial stimuli
        As well as recent studies showing Miller may have over exaggerated the capacity of STM
  - - - STM has duration of 18-30 seconds ~ Demonstrated by Petersen et al (1959)
        
        Found that increasing retention intervals decreased accuracy of recall of consonant syllables in 24 undergrads when counting down from a three digit number (prevents mental rehearsal).
        
        The duration of LTM is unlimited ~ shown by
        Bahrick et al (1975)
        
        Found photo recognition of graduating classmates of the 396 participants decreased from 90% to 70% between 15 years and 46 years of graduating
        
        Bahricks study used a meaningful stimuli making his study high in mundane realism.
        
        Peterson's study lacks mundane realism due to the use of a artificial stimuli
- - - - The affects of leading questions on EWT was investigated by Loftus and Palmer.
        ~
        Participants were shown a film clip of a car crash and then gave estimates of speed.
        The leading question was given "how fast were the cars going when the 'X' into each other."
        However different critical verbs were given
        ~ Those given the verb 'Smashed' estimated 8.7 MPH greater than those who heard 'contacted'
        
        Artificial task and stimuli negates the affect that anxiety might have on EWT when experiencing a real-life crash.
      - 2 weeks after those who heard the verb smashed were more likely to report that there was broken glass.
    - - Describes the conversations that take place between co-witnesses after the crime has taken place.
        Gabbert et al (2003), using a matched-pairs design, showed participants a film clip of the same crime scene, but with different details for each member. After engaging in post-event discussions with the other member of each pair and individually completing a test of recall, the researchers found 71% inaccuracy rates of information gained through such discussions, compared to a 0% control group rate who had worked alone throughout.
- - - - Acoustically encoded (baddeley)
        
        Capacity of 7+/-2
        
        Duration of 18-30 seconds
        
        Maintenance rehearsal occurs when we repeat
        the new information to ourselves, allowing the information to be kept in the STM.
        
        Prolonged maintenance rehearsal allows the information to pass into the LTM, whilst a lack of such rehearsal
        causes forgetting.
        
        Positive
        Acknowledges qualitative differences between STM and LTM
        
        Negative
        MSM incorrectly represents STM as a single unitary store
    - - LTM is semantically coded
        
        Unlimited capacity
        
        Very long duration (Bahrick)
        
        To remember info it must be retrieved ~ where the info is transferred back into the STM.
        
        Negative
        Tulving proposed that there are different types of LTM and so MSM does not represent this.
    - - Contains a sub store for each of our senses.
        
        Sensory register has a huge capacity as it receives information from the senses.
        
        Duration of less than half a second ~ Therefore information only passes to STM if we pay attention to it.
- - - - State dependent forgetting occurs when our internal cues at the time of encoding do not match those present at recall
        
        Study
        Carter and Cassaday
        
        40% higher rates of accurate recall in matching conditions (taking anti-histamines > changes internal cues)
      - Context dependent forgetting occurs when external cues don't match those present at recall.
        
        Study
        Godden and Baddeley:
        
        deep sea divers recall in matching conditions (learning underwater ~ recalling underwater) was significantly better than in non-matching conditions
        
        Studies lack ecological validity as Baddely argued its hard to fin conditions in real life as polar as land and water.
        When study was repeated years later for recognition of learnt words there was no significant difference between accuracy of recognition between matched and non-matched conditions ~ suggests retrieval failure only affects certain memory stores.
  - - - Old memories block the recollection of new memories.
    - - New memories block the recollection of old memories