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BIOL 150A Final - Coggle Diagram

- - - - mosses
    - - flowering plants
  - - - absorptive heterotrophs
  - - - multicellular eukaryotes
      - heterotrophs (consume other organisms)
      - diploid phase dominates life cycle
- - - - group of individuals of same species in same area
      - Population Ecology
        
        Pop. Sizes
        
        Factors
        
        births
        
        deaths
        
        immigration
        
        emigration
        
        Density
        
        Survivorship
    - - Community Ecology
        
        Species Diversity
        
        Competition
        
        Resource Movement
        
        Flow
        
        Key Regulators
        
        Stability
        
        Biochemical Budgets
        
        Human Impact
        
        Food Chain Limits
  - - - foundations are plants. distribution depends on temp and ppt
      - Polar Ice
        
        cold year round
        
        low ppt
        
        few plants
        
        closely linked to marine biome
      - Tundra
      - Coniferous (Boreal) Forests
      - Temperate Broadleaf Forest
      - Temperate Grassland
      - Deserts
      - Tropical Forests
  - - - immediate reason
    - - underlying reason
    - - under genetic control
      - Determinism
        
        genes determine behavior
        
        wrong
    - - Habituation
      - Imprinting
      - Spatial Learning
      - Associative Learning
      - Social Learning
      - Problem Solving
- - - - Fossils
        
        radiometric dating
        
        carbon-14
        
        Limitations
        
        rare conditions required
        
        some species favoured
        
        widespread, hard boned wet climate species bias
        
        fragments difficult to interpret
      - Landmark Events
        
        Oxygenic Photosynthesis
        
        2.5-3.5bn yrs
        
        done by cyanobacteria
        
        Oxygen Catastrophe
        
        o2 no longer absorbed and it built up in atmosphere
        
        Evolution of Eukaryotes
        
        Multicellularity
        
        Cryogenian Period
        
        Appearance of Animals
        
        Cambrian Explosion
        
        Movement of Plants, Fungi, Animals onto Land
  - - - Microevolution observed directly
      - Relatedness in biological classification
        
        Comparative Anatomy
        
        similarity beyond functional necessity
      - Geographic distribution of species
      - Fossil Record
      - Comparative Embryology
      - No-function structures
        
        vestigial structures :red_flag:
    - - large scale, long time
    - - small scale, short time
    - - Natural Selection
        
        struggle for existence
        
        Types of phenotype selection
        
        directional
        
        disruptive
        
        stabilizing
        
        sexual
      - Other Factors
        
        Genetic drift
        
        Bottleneck Effect
        
        Gene flow :red_flag:
        
        Mutation
  - - - Problems
    - - geographic / habitat isolation
      - different behaviour
      - temporal isolation
      - mechanical isolation
      - gametic isolation
      - hybrid inviability
      - After barriers
        
        potential incompatibility
    - - Taxonomic Categories
        
        domain
        
        kingdom
        
        phylum
        
        class
        
        order
        
        family
        
        genus
        
        species