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Nervous System Victoria Sanchez P.2 - Coggle Diagram
Nervous System Victoria Sanchez P.2
Major Functions of the Nervous System
3 Main Functions
Integration
Processes & Interprets input
Motor Output
Produces a response
Sensory Input
Information from internal/external changes
Major divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system
PNS
CNS
Brain
Think, Learn, Move, & Feel
Spinal Cord
Carries messages to and from
2 Divisions
Sensory ( afferent )
Visceral Sensory Fibers
impulses from visceral organs
Somatic Sensory Fibers
impulses from skin, muscles, and joints
Motor ( efferent )
Autonomic Nervous System
Involuntary
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic
Somatic Sensory Fibers
Voluntary
Impulses from CNS ro skeletal muscles
Tissues
PNS
Schwann cells
Sorround all peripheral never fibers
Satellite Cells
Surround cell bodies in CNS
CNS
Astrocytes
Respond to nerve impulses
Most abundant
Microglial cells
Small and ovoid cells
Transform into phagocytize microorganisms
Ependymal
Lines the central cavities of both brain and spinal cord
Squamous to columnar shape
Oligodendrocytes
Branced cells
Forms insulating myelin sheaths
Classification of Neurons
3 groups based on # of processes
Bipolar
2 processes, 1 axon 1 dendrite
Rare
Unipolar
1 T-like process , 2 axons
Psuedounipolar
Multipolar
3+ processes, 1 axon
Most common
3 groups based on direction of impulse
Motor
Multipolar
Impulses from CNS to effectors
Interneurons
99% neurons are interneurons
Shuttle signals through CNS
Sensory
Unipolar
Impulses from sensory to CNS
Connective Tissue Coverings
Perimysium
Surrounds fasicle
Epimysium
Surrounds entire skeletal muscle
Endomysium
Surrounds single myocyte
Nervous Disease/Disorder
Alzhiemers
Memory loss/ mood changes
Uncurable
Hereditary or post head trauma
Form of dementia associated w/ age
Spinal Cord Injury
Paralysis
Surgery or P.T
Weak vertebral column
Damage to spinal cord
Autism
Medication/ therapy
Anxiety/ depression
Family history
Brain disorder; makes communication difficult
Meningtis
Antibiotics or Hospitalization
Nausea & irritation
Drug allergies & Tumors
Infection in the meningitis
Cerebrovascular Accident
Blood vessels burst
Blood flow to brain is halted
Loss of coordination/balance
Blood thinners/hospitalization
Multiple Sclerosis
Hereditary & Environmental Factors
Vision & Hearing loss
Autoimmune disease that damages myelin sheaths
NKC
Drugs of Abuse
Heroine
Heroine shuts off dopamine inhibitation
Dopamine
Dopamine floods synapse
Ecstasy
Ecstacy absorbed by serotonin
Affects the serotonin pathways (affects sleep/mood)
Seratonin
Marijuana
Inhibitation shuts down and dopamine floods synapse
Short term memory loss
Dopamine & Anandamide
Methamphetamine
Forces dopamine molecules out
Transporters work in reverse
Dopamine
Alcohol
Alcohol makes it more inhibitory while glutamate prevents cell excition
Impulse control
Gaba and Glutamate
Cocaine
LSD
One inhibits, other excites
Responsible for wakefulness; unexpected stimuli
Seratonin
Dopamine left in synaptic cleft ; overstimulation
Involuntary movement
Dopamine
Major parts and functions of the brain
Cerebellum
Maintains your balance, posture, coordination and fine motor skills
Brain stem
Regulates many automatic body function.
Acts as a relay center connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord
Cerebrum
Interprets sights, sounds and touches
Composed of left/right hemisphers
Major parts and functions of the spinal cord
Thoracic nerves
T1-T12
Lumbar nerves
L1-L5
Cervical nerves
C1-C8
Sacral nerves
Coccygeal nerves
C0
S1-S15
Action potential & the Nerve Impulse
4 main steps
Resting State
ONLY Na+ and k+ are open
Maintains resting membrane potental
Depolarization
-55mv to -50 mV
Na+ and K+ open and currents rush
Membrane polarity jumps to 30Mv
Repolarization
K+ exits through electrochemical gradient
Na+ channels close
A.P spike stops rising
Hyperpolarization
Some K+ channels remain open
Na+ channels are reset
Cranial Nerves
VI- Abducens
Eye movement
VII- facial
Face movement
taste
V- Trigeminal
Face sensation
Chewing
VIII- Vestibulocochlear
Hearing
Balance
IV- trochlear
Eye movement
IX- Glossopharyngeal
Taste
Swallowing
Throat sensation
III- Oculomotor
Eye movement
Pupil reflex
X- Vagus
Movement
Sensation
Abdominal organs
II- Optic
Vision
XI- Spinal Accessory
Neck movement
I- Olfactory
Smell
XII- Hypoglossal
SAME AS VAGUS
Spinal Nerves
Same as below 👇
Send electrical signals to the rest of body
Neurotransmitters
glutamate
Excites or stimulates nerve cell
histamine
Wake-promoting
Rapid eye-movement
GABA
Can treat anxiety
norepinephrine
cognitive function
regulation of arousal
dopamine
behavior
regulating blood flow
memory
serotonin
post-traumatic stress disorder
depression
acetylcholine
stimulates saliva and sweat production
controls the heartbeat
triggers muscle contractions