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LI (mendel's laws of inheritance, relationship between genes,…
LI
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relationship between genes, chromosomes, DNA
Chromosome: the structure inside the cell in the form of a long series of molecules consisting of one DNA molecule and various related proteins which constitute the genetic information of an organism. The number of chromosomes is generally even and in pairs. Humans have 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes. At the time of sexual reproduction, one set of these chromosomes will be passed on to the daughter organisms of both parental organisms (parental), a number of half of the initial chromosomes. So that human egg cells and sperm cells each have 23 chromosomes.
Gen: the smallest unit of a living thing that contains heredity substance, contained in the gene locus. Genes consist of proteins and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). Each gene determines the properties of living things by coding for the manufacture of a particular protein by determining how the sequence of amino acids must be combined. Based on their nature, genes are divided into three, namely dominant genes with strong expressions which are denoted by capital letters. Semi-dominant gene with expression in between dominant and recessive gene. Recessive gene with weak expression which is denoted by a lowercase letter. Based on their role, genes are divided into two, namely structural genes that code for proteins (enzymes) with expression controlled by regulatory genes. Regulatory genes that regulate the expression of structural genes
DNA: a nucleotide acid, usually in the form of a double helix that contains the genetic instructions that determine the biological development of all cellular life forms. DNA carries the genetic code or genes that determine the characteristics of living things. There are two kinds of nitrogenous bases that make up DNA, namely purine bases consisting of adenine (A) and guanine (G) bases and pyrimidine bases consisting of thymine (T) and cytosine (S) bases.
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protein synteshis
Protein synthesis is the process of forming protein molecules involving the synthesis of amino acids that occur in the nucleus and ribosomes of cells regulated by DNA and RNA.
transcription
The process of protein synthesis in this early stage is a process in which part of the DNA molecule is copied
elongation
This process is when RNA polymerase returns to the terminator after reaching the promoter, so that mRNA is formed which will copy the genetic code in DNA.
initiation
RNA polymerase breaks down into DNA molecules which contain the segments which are genes. Within a gene, there are ends called the promoter and the terminator. RNA polymerase will move from the terminator to the promoter to break down the DNA. If RNA polymerase has succeeded in the promoter, the initiation process is complete.
termination
The final process of transcription is when the mRNA strand has finished forming and detaches from the DNA to go to the ribosome.
translasi
When the mRNA carrying the DNA copy manages to bring it to the ribosome, a translation process occurs, namely the process of translating or deciphering the genetic code of the DNA copy that has been carried by the previous mRNA. This genetic code will produce polypeptides as a building block for proteins.
initiation
At this stage the mRNA arrives carrying the DNA codons up to the ribosome. The first codon that meets the ribosome is called the start codon or AUG.
elongation
The codons carried by the mRNA will be broken down or translated into amino acids, then each of them will be combined with the tRNA that carries the amino acids to make up the protein. So that the combination will form a polypeptide chain.
termination
The final translation process is when one of the stop codons between UAA, UAG, or UGA meets a ribosome which then becomes a stop codon or AUU.
genetic mutation
Occur change chemicalonone or a number of couple base in one genesinglewhichcause change nature individual without change amount andarrangement the chromosomes.
Germinal Gametic Mutations
Occurs in gamete cells. If the mutation produces a dominant trait, it will be expressed in the offspring. If it is recessive then the expression will be hidden
somatic mutation
occurs in somatic cells.Somatic mutations in the embryo/fetus cause congenital defects
genetic disorder
A genetic disorder is a disease that is caused by an abnormality in an individual's DNA.
Abnormalities can be as small as a single-base mutation in just one gene, or they can involve the addition or subtraction of entire chromosomes.
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mitochondrial disorder
Mitochondrial diseases are chronic (long-term), genetic, often inherited disorders that occur when mitochondria fail to produce enough energy for the body to function properly. (Inherited means the disorder was passed on from parents to children.) Mitochondrial diseases can be present at birth, but can also occur at any age.
single gene disorder
where genetic disorders are the result of a single mutated gene they can be passed on to subsequent generations. Genomic imprinting and uniparental disomy, however, may affect inheritance patterns. The divisions between recessive and dominant are not "hard and fast" although the divisions between autosomal and X‐linked are (related to the position of the gene).
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