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Nervous System Belen Esparza Period: 2 - Coggle Diagram
Nervous System
Belen Esparza
Period: 2
Tissues (structure & function of neurons & neuroglia
Central Nervous system Neuroglia
Microglia
-small cells that function as phagocytes or bacterial cells and cellular debris
Oligodendrocytes
- Form the myelin sheath
Ependymal cells
- produce cerebrospinal fluid
Astrocytes
- blood-brain barrier
Peripheral nervous system neuroglia
Schwann cells
- the myelin sheath
Satillite Cells
: Provide protective coating around cell bodies
Connective Tissue Coverings
Perineurium
- Covering around fascicles (bundles of nerve fibers)
Endoneurium
- Covering around individual nerve fibers
Epineurium
- Outer Layer of a Nerve
Cranial Nerves
I
Olfactory
- Sensory - Sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with the sense of smell
II
Optic
- Sensory - Sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with sensation of smell
Mandibular division
- Sensory fibers conduct impulses form the skin of the jaw, lower teeth, lower gum, lower lip
III
Oculomotor
- Primarly motor - Motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles that raise the eyelids, move eyes, and adjust the amount of light into the eyes
IV
Trochlear
- Primarily Motor - Motor Fibers conduct impulses to muscles that move the eyes, some associated with muscle condition
Vestibular Branch
- Sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with sense of equilibrium
V
Trideminal
- Mixed
Ophthalmic division
- Sensory fibers conduct impulses from the surface of the eyes, tear glands, forehead, scalp, and upper eyelids
VII
Vesticonder
- Sensory
Maxillary Division
- Sensory fibers conduct impulses from the upper teeth, upper gum, upper lip lining, and skin of face
VI -
Abducens
- Primarly motor - Motor fibers conduct impulses to muslces that move the eyes
Reflex Arc
(major parts and functions)
Motor Neuron
Structure: Dendrite, cell body and axon of a motor neuron
Function: Carries instructions from the brain or spinal cord to effector
Effector
Structure: Muscle or gland
Function: Responds to stimulation by motor neuron and produces reflex behavioral action
Receptor
Structure: Receptor end of a dendrite or a specialized receptor cell in a sensory organ
Function: Senses specific type of internal or external change
Sensory Neuron
Structure: Dendrite, Soma, and axon of a sensory neuron
Function: Carries information from receptor into brain or spinal cord
Interneuron
Structure: Dendrite, soma, and axon of a neuron within the brain or spinal cord
Function: Carries information from sensory neuron to motor neuron
Disorders & Diseases
Alzheimer's Disease
is a form of
dementia associated with age
, but is connected to
family history
and
past head trauma.
Confusion/disorientation, mood/behavior changes
are symptoms, and it is
uncurable
, but
removing behavior triggers** can help.
Spinal Cord Injury
is
damage to the spinal cord
, and is caused by
direct injury,disease, or fluid buildup
. Symptoms are
loss of feeling below damaged site & paralysis
, but
spinal traction & physical therapy
can help.
Autism
is a
brain disorder
that makes it
difficult to communicate
and is most prominent in males, but the
cause is not well understood
.
Unusual attachment,
repeated behaviors
, and
delays in learning
are all symptoms, but
behavioral management
and
specialized therapy
can help.
Meningitis
is an
infection in the meninges surrounding the brain
and
bacteria/viral infection
or
chemical irritators
can be the cause.
Sensitivity to light
, and a
stiff neck
are symptoms, but a
vaccine
can prevent it.
Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)
occurs when
blood flow to a portion of the brain is halted
, and while it can be
heredity, unhealthy lifestyles
can put you at risk. A
change in alertness
or
muscle weakness on one side of the body
are symptoms, but
blood thinners
and
surgery
can be offered as treatment.
Multiple Sclerosis
is an
autoimmune disease
that
damages the myelin sheath
and the
cause is not well understood
but is
diagnosed between the ages 20-40
.
Vision/hearing loss, muscles weakness
, and
spasms
are all symptoms, and there is
no known cure
.
Drugs of Abuse (Mouse Party)
LSD
Affects Serotonin
Does
: blocks dopamine teransporters --> makes them work in reverse --> traps dopamine
Methamphetamine
Affects
: dopamine
Alcohol
Affects
: GABA & Glutamate
Does: Interact with the neuron to inhibit even more
Ecstasy
Affects
: Serotonin & mildly dopamine
Does
: Mimics serotonin --> taken up by serotonin transporters --> kicks out serotonin into synapse --> overstimulate cell as serotonin binds again and again
Area
: Affects serotonin pathways responsible for sleep, perception, and appetite, but also reward pathway making it slightly addictive
Heroine
Affects
: Dopamine & Inhibitory Neurotransmitters
Does
: Mimics natural opiates --> binds to opiate receptors--> turns off dopamine inhibition --> dopamine floods the synapse
Area
: Affects area of brain responsible for the transmission of pain signals, stress response, & emotional response
Marijuana
Affects
: Dopamine & inhibitory neurotransmitters
Does: Mimics anandimide -->binds to anandimide receptors --> inhibition is turned off --> dopamine floods synapse
Major Parts & Functions of the Brain
Diencephalon
Thalamus - -> sorting and sending sensory info where it goes
Hypothalamus --> homeostasis and regulation
Cerebellum
Memory and balence
Cerebrum
Parietal Lobe --> Touch
Temporal Lobe --> Auditory
Frontal Lobe --> motor function
Occipital Lobe --> Vision
Brainstem
Midbrain --> main motor pathways
Pons --> breathing and depth
Medulla Oblongota --> Impulses between brain & spinal cord