18th-century ENGLISH SOCIETY

was CHANGING

INCREASE IN POPULATION (from 5 to 9 million people)

SOCIAL MOBILITY (people moved from a social class to another)

The middle class EXPANDS
(began in the 1500s)

1st
"INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION"

17331st SEWING MACHINE (John Kay)

1716 – first STEAM ENGINE (motore a vapore)

1769 - Patent for James Watt's IMPROVED STEAM ENGINE

1801FIRST LOCOMOTIVE (engineer RIchard Trevithick)

SOCIAL
CLASSES

UPPER
CLASS

LANDOWNERS

ARISTOCRACY / NOBLES

WEALTHY Merchants, tradesman, manifacturers

supported the Whigs

tried to have their children marry into the nobility

controlled trades and owned mines/factories

MIDDLE
CLASS (15 %)

UPPER M.C.

LOWER M.C.

Manifacturers, shopkeepers, tradesmen

Professionals and merchants

LOWER CLASS

in RURAL AREAS

MOVED to cities for JOB OPPORTUNITY, forced out by the ENCLOSURE System

URBAN
POPULATION

INHUMANE CONDITIONS

illnesses (smallpox, scurvy, typhus)

LOW PAYING JOBS

GIN DRINKING & CRIME

51% children died BEFORE 5 years old

REST --> HIRED as APPRENTICES by PARISHES by the age of 7