18th-century ENGLISH SOCIETY
was CHANGING
INCREASE IN POPULATION (from 5 to 9 million people)
SOCIAL MOBILITY (people moved from a social class to another)
The middle class EXPANDS
(began in the 1500s)
1st
"INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION"
1733 – 1st SEWING MACHINE (John Kay)
1716 – first STEAM ENGINE (motore a vapore)
1769 - Patent for James Watt's IMPROVED STEAM ENGINE
1801 – FIRST LOCOMOTIVE (engineer RIchard Trevithick)
SOCIAL
CLASSES
UPPER
CLASS
LANDOWNERS
ARISTOCRACY / NOBLES
WEALTHY Merchants, tradesman, manifacturers
supported the Whigs
tried to have their children marry into the nobility
controlled trades and owned mines/factories
MIDDLE
CLASS (15 %)
UPPER M.C.
LOWER M.C.
Manifacturers, shopkeepers, tradesmen
Professionals and merchants
LOWER CLASS
in RURAL AREAS
MOVED to cities for JOB OPPORTUNITY, forced out by the ENCLOSURE System
URBAN
POPULATION
INHUMANE CONDITIONS
illnesses (smallpox, scurvy, typhus)
LOW PAYING JOBS
GIN DRINKING & CRIME
51% children died BEFORE 5 years old
REST --> HIRED as APPRENTICES by PARISHES by the age of 7