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Pack 16 - Photosynthesis, Respiration and ATP, Glucose, ATP, ATP, Pyruvate…

- - - - The Calvin Cycle needs to turn 6 times to make one Hexose Sugar
        
        Three turns of the cycle produces 6 molecules of triose phosphate because 2 molecules of triose phosphate are made for every one CO2 molecule used
        
        5/6 TP used to regenerate 3 RuBP, only one TP produced that's used to make hexose sugars
        
        Hexose sugars = 6 carbons so 2 TP needed to form one hexose. 6 Cycles needed to produce 1 hexose, need 18 ATP and 12 reduced NADP
    - - 2- ATP and reduced NADP are used for the reduction of GP to Triose phosphate
        
        3- RuBP is regenerated
  - - - 1 - Light energy excites electrons in chlorophyll
        
        2- Photolysis of water produces protons, electrons and O2
        
        4- Energy from the excited electrons makes ATP
        
        As excited electrons move down the electron transport chain they lose energy
        
        3- Energy from excited electrons generates reduced NADP
        
        The electrons are transferred to NADP, along with a proton from the stroma to form reduced NADP
        
        Light energy is absorbed by PSI, which excites the electrons again to an even higher energy level
        
        Light energy splits water into protons, electrons and oxygen (Photolysis)
        
        As the excited electros from chlorophyll leave PSII they must be replaced
        
        -Light energy is absorbed by PSII
        
        -The energy excites electrons in chlorophyll and moves them to a higher energy level
        
        -The high energy electrons are released from the chlorophyll and move down the electron transport chain to PSI
  - - - Thylakoids are stacked up in chloroplast into structures called Grana. Grana are linked by bits of thylakoid membrane called Lamellae
        
        The Thylakoid membrane contains photosynthetic pigments (Chlorophyll A + B and carotene) - coloured substances that absorb light energy needed for photosynthesis. They are attached to proteins creating Photosystems (2 systems PSI + PSII - PSII comes first in steps)
        
        Within inner membrane and surrounding the thylakoids is gel like substance called the Stroma - contains enzymes, sugars and organic acids
- - - - The splitting of one molecule of glucose (6C) into two molecules of pyruvate (3C) - Occurring in the cytoplasm of the cell
      - 1) Phosphorylation
        
        2)Oxidation
      - Fermentation
        
        In anaerobic respiration, the pyruvate produced in glycolysis is concerted into ethanol (in plants and yeast) or lactate (in animals and some bacteria) using reduced NAD - reducing NAD allows for glycolysis to continue and a small amount of ATP to still be produced
        
        Alcoholic Fermentation
        
        Lactate Fermentation
      - Link Reaction
        
        Pyruvate is Decarboxylated (one carbon atom is removed in the form of CO2) and is oxidised to form acetate and NAD is reduced to form reduced NAD
        
        Acetate is combined with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA)
        
        Krebs Cycle
        
        Series of oxidation-reduction reactions occurring in the mitochondrial matrix, the cycle happens once for each pyruvate molecule so twice for each glucose
- - - - ATP diffuses into parts of the cell that need energy. It is hydrolysed back into ADP + Pi releasing the chemical energy. The enzyme ATP Hydrolase catalyses the reaction.
        
        The ADP and Pi are recycled and the process starts again
  - - - Easily broken down so energy can be released instantaneously
        
        Small, soluble molecule so can be transported easily
        
        Can be quickly remade
        
        Can make other molecules more reactive via phosphorylation
        
        Cannot pass out cell so it always has an immediate supply of energy
- - - - Pyruvate
        
        3C
      - 3C
    - - Pyruvate
      - 2 H+
        
        2 NAD
        
        2 reduced NAD
      - 3C