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Unit 5: Cognition - Coggle Diagram

- - - - retrieving info that was learned at an earlier time but you aren't concisely aware of yet
    - - identifying previously learned topics
    - - learn stuff much faster the second or third time you are exposed to it
    - - demonstrated relearning principle
      - tested himself with random syllables and saw that he remembered them much faster after more studing
    - - retrieval
        
        recalling stored info
      - storage
        
        retaining said info
      - encoding
        
        getting info into the brain
      - parallel processing
        
        processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously and automatically
      - richard atkinson & richard shiffrin
        
        memory forming process
        
        3 stage model
        
        sensory memory
        
        immediate & brief recording of sensory info into the memory system
        
        first way to-be remembered info is stored
        
        short term memory
        
        activated memory that holds few items briefly
        
        second way info is processed
        
        long term memory
        
        relatively permanent and limitless storehouse
        
        final way memories are stored
        
        ideas extended upon by Alan Baddely
        
        developed working memory
        
        newer understanding of short term memory that adds conscious active processing of incoming auditory and visual info & info retrieved from long term mem
        
        focused on explicit memory processing
        
        implicit memories
        
        retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection
        
        explicit memories
        
        retention of facts and expiriences that one can conciously know and declare
      - effortful processing
        
        encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
      - automatic processing
        
        unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time, and frequency
      - iconic memory
        
        momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, picture image lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
      - echoic memory
        
        momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli, if attention is elsewhere sounds and words cans till be recalled in 3-4 secs
    - - proposed we can store 7 pieces of info in short term memory at a time
    - - chunking
        
        organizing items into familiar manageable units
        
        often occurs automatically
      - mnemonics
        
        memory aids and techniques that involve vivid imagery
      - hierarchies
    - - deep processing
      - shallow processing
  - - - explicitly memory of facts and knowledge
    - - explicit memory of personally experienced events, one of two conscious memory systems
    - - neural storage of long term memory
    - - flashbulb memories
        
        clear sustained memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
    - - observed synaptic changes during conditioning of sea slug
      - classically conditioned it to retract gills when squirted with water becuase the water was paired with an electric shock
    - - neural basis for learning and remembering associations
      - increase in a cells firing potential after brief rapid stimulation
    - - usually unconscious activation of certain associations, this predisposing ones perception, memory, or response
    - - idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it
    - - tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's mood
    - - tendency to recall the last and first items in a list
  - - - recall past with inability to form new memories
    - - inability to retrieve long term memory but can form short term memory
    - - forward acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information
    - - backward acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall fold information
    - - basic defense of the brain that block the recall of memories that are top anxiety arousing to relive
    - - process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again
    - - showed handful of faces to identify later on
      - slipped new faces in with lineup and people wrongly identified the new faces as some of the original
      - able to replace memory with false memory
    - - occurs when misleading information had distorted ones memory of an event
    - - faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined
    - - unconciousness triggered by familiar clues that the conscious can't idenitfy
- - - - smallest distinctive sound bits in language
    - - smallest language units that carry meaning
    - - language rules that enable communication
    - - thought language was an unlearned human trait seprate from other parts of cognition
      - built in predisposition to learn grammar
      - not born with ability to learn a specific language just the ability to learn language in general
    - - beginning around 4 months, infant spontaneously makes random sounds unrelated to a specific language
    - - stage in speech development from about age 1-2 where a child speaks in mostly single words
    - - beginning about age 2 child speeches mostly in 2 word phrases
    - - early speech stage where child speaks mostly using nouns and verbs
    - - damage to left frontal lobe makes speaking words difficult but allows comprehension of speech
      - broca's area
  - - - believed we have one general intelligence that is the heart of all our intelligent behavior
        
        general intelligence
        
        underlies all mental abilities and is measures by every task on an intelligence test
      - some people have special outstanding abilities on top of their general intelligence
      - factor anaylysis
        
        a statistical procedure that identifies cruisers of related items on a test uses to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a persons total score
    - - identified primary mental abilities
      - didnt rank people one a single scale of general aptitude
      - people who do well in one cluster do well in other clusters as well
    - - identified 8 relatively independent intelligences
      - introduced existential intelligence
    - - condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill
    - - triarchic theory proposing 3 intelligences
        
        analytical
        
        academic problem solving intelligence
        
        creative intelligence
        
        demonstrated innovative smarts
        
        practical intelligence
        
        required for every day tasks
    - - passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long term goals
    - - ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
  - - - measured human traits
      - wanted to measure natural ability and encourage those with high ability to mate with oneanother
    - - designed fair tests to sort children
      - focused on mental age
    - - measure of intelligence associated with children's age in years
    - - extended dupper end of mental age test to superior adult status
    - - wechsler adult intelligence scale
    - - defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with he performance of a pretested group
    - - symmetrical curve that describes the distribution of many types of data
      - most scores fall near the mean/standard deviation
    - - extent to which test yields consistent results
    - - extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to
      - content validity
        
        extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest
      - predictive validity
        
        success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict
  - - - group of people sharing a common characteristic such as a given time period
    - - accumulated knowledge and verbal skills
      - tends to increase with age
    - - ability to reason speedily and abstractly
      - tends to decrease with age
    - - condition of limited mental ability
      - indicated by an intelligence test score of 70 or below and difficulty adapting to demands in life
- - - - all mental activités associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
    - - mental image/best example of a category, stereotypes
    - - ability to produce new and valuable ideas
    - - narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
    - - narrowing the available solutions to determine the single best solution
    - - coming up with more than one answer to a problem
    - - 5 components of creativity
      - expertise
      - imaginative thinking skills
      - intrinsic motivation
      - venturesome personality
      - creative environment
  - - - methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
    - - simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently
    - - sudden realization of the answer to a problem becuase the unconscious part of parallel processing continues to work on it
    - - demonstrated that other animals can display insight
      - placed a stick with banana out of direct reach of monkey and money displayed insight to develop a way to reach it
    - - tendency to search for information that supports preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
    - - cognition
        
        inability to see a problem from a new perspective, obstacle in problem solving
        
        mental set
        
        tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
      - freud's personality theory
        
        lingering focus of pleasure seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage in which conflicts were unresolved
    - - representativeness
        
        estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent or match particular prototypes
      - intuitive shortcuts are not always the best decisiions
      - availability heuristic
        
        estimating likeliihood of events based on how common our memory is of those events
    - - clinging to ones initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
    - - the way an issue is presented
      - context, p
- - - - proportion of variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes
    - - self confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype