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35yo man with antibiotics resistance and pneumonia Rizka Aulia 19097 -…
35yo man with antibiotics resistance
and pneumonia
Rizka Aulia
19097
Antimicrobial resistance classification
Intrinsic resistance: Some specific bacterial general (or) species have unique structure/function resistance to certain ab
Acquired resistance: Naturally susceptible bacteria can develop resistance against certain ab by receiving genetic codes from other bacterial strains.
Chromosomal Resistance
Extrachromosomal Resistance
Prevention and control
Individuals
Only use antibiotics when prescribed by a certified health professional.
Never demand antibiotics if your health worker says you don’t need them.
Always follow your health worker’s advice when using antibiotics.
Never share or use leftover antibiotics.
Prevent infections by regularly washing hands, preparing food hygienically, avoiding close contact with sick people, practising safer sex, and keeping vaccinations up to date.
Health professionals
Prevent infections by ensuring your hands, instruments, and environment are clean.
Only prescribe and dispense antibiotics when they are needed, according to current guidelines.
Report antibiotic-resistant infections to surveillance teams.
Talk to your patients about how to take antibiotics correctly, antibiotic resistance and the dangers of misuse
factors that support medication nonadherence
nursing and motivation.
Age, living/living alone and perception. Comorbidity, long duration of treatment, medication, attitudes and relationships between patients and health workers.
Drug availability, understanding of drug prescription, family support, use of self-prescribed drugs and stigma. Motivation, family support and health workers.
Education
Age, long duration of treatment/therapy, education and comorbidities.
Family support
Number of types of drugs consumed and knowledge. Attitude
Doctor's knowledge, attitude, action and communication
Risk factors
Misuse and/or overuse of antibiotics in humans (e.g. not finishing a course of antibiotics, taking antibiotics for viral, rather than bacterial, infections)
Misuse and/or overuse of antibiotics in animals (e.g. farming)
Waste products from antibiotics entering the environment (through manufacture, sewage and disposal)
Resistant bacteria being passed between people in hospital and other healthcare areas A lack of quick, accurate tests to diagnose infections
A lack of effective vaccines and poor uptake of existing ones
Incorrect dosing of antibiotics in humans (e.g. not adjusting dosage for body weight)
Antimicrobial resistance mechanisms
(1) Enzymatic degradation of antibiotics, e.g., bacterial synthesis of β-lactamases that degrade the β-lactam class of antibiotics;
(2) Modification of the antibiotic target, i.e., the target becomes modified so that the antibiotic is no longer able to bind to its site of action;
(3) Control of drug entry through mutations in bacterial cell wall porin molecules and membrane modifications;
(4) Activation of efflux pump systems that are able to pump antibiotics out of the cell before antibiotic–target interactions take place.
Antimicrobial resistance definition
happens when germs (i.e., bacteria and fung)i develop the ability to defeat the drugs designed to kill them
Impact
expensive medicines must be used. A longer duration of illness and treatment, often in hospitals, increases health care costs as well as the economic burden on families and societies.
mortality and morbidity risk increase
How to diagnose
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is a laboratory procedure performed by medical technologists (clinical laboratory scientists) to identify which antimicrobial regimen is specifically effective for individual patients.
laboratory methods to grow these microorganisms using an appropriate growth medium known as “culture,” determining the sensitivity and resistance
Results
Susceptible. The tested medicine stopped the growth or killed the bacteria or fungus causing your infection. The medicine may be a good choice for treatment.
Intermediate. The medicine may work at a higher dose.
Resistant. The medicine did not stop the growth or kill the bacteria or fungus causing the infection. It would not be a good choice for treatment.
The criteria for rational drug use include:
(1) right diagnosis (2) right indication of disease, (3) right choice of drug, (4) right dose, (5) right assessment of the patient's condition, (6) alert to side effects aside, (7) effective