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Exam 3 IS - Coggle Diagram
Exam 3 IS
Social Media
Web-based communication tools that enable people to interact in online communities where they can share ideas
Social Networking Platform: Creates community of Internet users that breaks down barriers created by time, distance, and cultural differences
Social network marketing: Use of social networks to communicate and promote benefits of products and services
Advantages of social media marketing
marketers can create an opportunity to generate a conversation with viewers of the message
targeted messages
economical and cheap
brand awareness can be streamlined
customers can connect directly
Paid media marketing
Cost per thousand impressions
Cost per click
Paying a third party to broadcast an organization's display ads or sponsored messages to social media users
Earned Media
Exposure gained through press and social media mentions
In the hiring process
Employers use social media
Avoid provocative photos
Avoid drinking or drug use
Avoid discriminatory comments
Links to criminal behavior
Customer service
Customers share experiences
Customers seek advice
Organizations monitor social media to check on customer issues
Social Shipping
Platforms combine social networking and shopping
Retailer advertising revenue
Data gathered from people
Fancy, MyDeco, Pinterest are social shopping sites
Ethical Issues with Social Networking
CyberabuseL Mistreatment on electronic device that causes harm and distress to others
Cyberbullying: Abusive behavior that is humiliating, hurtful, intimidating, malicious, or otherwise offencsive
Cyberstalking: lon pattern of unwanted, persistent pursuit and intrusive behavior
Organiations
FightCyberstalking
Stalking Risk Profile
The National Center for Victims of Crime
Avoiding Cyberabuse
Unieque passwords
Don't post personal info
Ask friends not to post personal info
Don't accept stranger friend requests
Self-image manipulation
Texting and driving
Sexual Predators
1994 Jacob Wetterling Crimes Against Children Act
set initial requirements for sex offender registation
SORNA set national standards that govern which sex offenders must register
Uploading of Inappropriate Mateiral
Lmits on what can be uploaded
Most sites cannot sufficiently monitor all material posted
Employee Use
Employers can fire employees for use of social media
Orgs should have social media policy
Chapter 7: Software Quality
Cost of quality
Cost of conformance: delivering products that meet requirements and fitness for use
Cost of nonconformance: taking responsibility for failures or not meeting quality expectations
Causes of poor quality software
Devs do not know how to design quality into software
Devs do not take time to design quality
Pressure to reduce time to market
Importance of software quality
Business information system
Set of interrelated components that collects and processes data and disseminates the output
Decision Support System: Used to improve decision making
Mismanaged software can cause
Missed deadlines
Increased ProdDev costs
Low-quality products
Software Product Liability
Product liability: the liability of manufactures, sellers, lessors, and other for injuries caused by defective products
Strict liability: defendant is held responsible for injury, regardless of negligence or intern if product is defective or unreasonably dangerous
Legal defenses
Expired statute of limitations
Doctrine of supervening events: original seller is not liable if software was materially altered and the alteration caused the injury
Government contractor defense
Negligence: Failure to do what a reasonable person would do, or doing something that a reasonable person would not do
Contributory negligence: Plaintiff's actions contributes to the injuries
Warranty
Assures buyers or lesses that a product meets a certain standard of quality
Breach of Warranty: Buyer or lessee can sue the seller if the product fails to meet the terms of its warranty
CMMI
Capability Maturity Model Integration
Initial
Unpredictable
Poorly controlled
Reactive
Managed: Processes characterized for projects and is often reactive
Defined: Processes characterized for the organization and is proactive
Quantitively Managed: Processes measured and controlled
Optimizing: Focus on process improvement
Maturity Models
Software Quality Function Deployment model focuses on defining user requirements
SEi CMMI focuses on process improvement
Methodology
Reduce number of software errors
Makes negligence harder to prove
Waterfall
Investigation and gathering of requirements
Analysis
Design
Construction
Integration and Testing
Implementation
Pros
Maximum control
Intermediate products
Application put into production sooner
Force teamwork and user interaction
Agile
4 values and 12 principles
Evaluate system every one to four weeks
More shor-term
High ability to respond to change
Low schedule risk
Project Management
1, Project Integation Management: Ensure all project components are properly integrated
Project scope management: Define the processes that limit and control the work included in a project
Project Time Management: Manage Activities to Meet Deadlines
Project Cost Management
Project Quality Management
Project HR Management
Project Comms Management
Project Risk Management
Project Procurement Management
Project Stakeholder Management
Quality assurance: Methods deisgned to guarantee reliable operation of a product
Software testing
Black box: Views software unit as device that has expected input and output but internal workings are unknown
White box: Expected input and output behaviors and internal workings are known
Static testing: Code not executed
Unit testing: Individual components of code tested
Integration testing: Integrated subsystem linked to ensure linkages work
System testing: Various subsystems combined to test entire system
User acceptance testing: testing with end users
Safety critical systems
System whose failure may cause injury or death, cannot automatically be assume by standard methodology
System safety engineer: Responsible for system safety
Reliability: A measure of rate of failure
Risk
Potential of gaining or losing something of value
Risk Management: Process of identifying, monitoring, and limiting risks to level organization is willing to accept; leftover risk is residual
Strategies
Acceptance
Avoidance
Mitigation
Redundancy
Transference
Annualized Loss Expectancy
ARO x SLE = ALE
ARO
Annualized Rate of Occurrence: Estimate of probaility that event will occur over course of year
SLE
Single Loss Expectancy: Estimated loss incurred if event happens
ALE: Estimate loss over course of year
Standards
ISO 9001: Serves as guide to quality products, services, and management updated every 5 years
FMEA (Failure mode and effects analysis): Technique used to develop ISO 9001 compliant quality systems
Failure mode: Describes how a product or process could fail to perform functions described by the customer
Ethics of IT Organizations
Diverse workforce is important and beneficial
Contingent work
No explicit or implicit contract for long-term employment
Used when there are large fluctuations in technical staffing needs
Obtained through temporarry staffing firms
Employee leasing organization
Employee leasing: Subscribing firm transfers its workforce to a leasing firm, which handles all HR related activaties and costs
Gig Economy: Environment in which temps jobs are commong
Independent contractor: Individual who provides services to another individual or organziation according to terms defined in a written cotnract or within a verabl agreement
Factors
Employee
Freedom of location and hours
Opportunity to change quickly
Flexibility
Employer
Ability to choose best individuals
Easier to respond to financial pressure
Org focuses on core funcitons
H1-B Visa
Can work for 6 years
India or China
Must offer at least 95% of average salary for occupation
Must not displace Americans
Obtain exemption if 15 percent or more of their workers are on H1B visas and paid more than 60k
Majority are programmers and system analysts, while median US salary is higher for those positions
Need
Shortage of qualified workers
Supply of cs/infosci grads is larger than demand
Debate on whether workers are displaced
Many factors affect salary
Age
Experience
Education
Race
Outsourcing
Long-term business arrrangement in which company contracts services with outside org with expertise in specific function
Lower costs
Strategic flexibility
Focus on core competencies
Offshore outsourcing
Pros
Cost savings
Different time zones speed up development effort and provides continuous comms
g: Services are provided by organization whose employees are in foreign cou
Cons
Lay-offs of domestic staff
Difficulty in finding reputable vendor
Cultural and language barriers
New time/resource costs: selection, relationship, travel
Data risks
Does not advance US worker development
Whistle-blowing
An effort to attract public attraction to a negligent, illegal, unethical, or abusive act by organization
Whistleblower perosnally knows what is happening
No federal law protects whistle-blowers from retaliation
False Claims Act
Qui tam provision allows private citizen to file suit as US gov
Violators must pay 3x amount defrauded
Whistleblower compensated
Steps
Seek legal counsel
Live with consequences
Assess seriousness of situation
Document
Address internally
Consider escalating
Assess implications of whistleblowing
Use experienced resources
Execute action plan
Green computing
Efficient manufacture, operation, and disposal of IT products
Goals
Reduce hazardous mateirals
Lower power-related costs
Enable safe disposal or recycling of computers or computer-related equipment
EPEAT (Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool)
Enables ourchasers to compare and select products on environmental criteria
Products ranked gold, silver, or bronze
Impact of IS on Society
Standard of Living
GDP represents total output of economy
Has improved over tiem
Labor Productivity
Equals real output per labor hour
Growth due to modern management techniques and automated tech
Innovation has been key
Reduce Input
Consolidate operations to better leverage scale
Become more efficeint
Increase Output
Selling higher value goods
Selling more goods
Factors affecting national productivity
Business cycles
Outsourcing
Regulations around hiring and firing
Competitive markets
More difficult to measure in service-based economies
IT investments may produce intangible benefits
Artificial Intelligence
AI: Interdisciplinary field in which experts ponder philosophical issues such as the natured of the human minds and the ethics of creating object gifted with human-like intelligence
AI systems: The people, procedures, hardware, software, data, and knowledge needed to develop computer systems and machines that can simulate human intelligence processes, including learning, reasoning, and self-correction
Machine Learning
AI involving programs that can learn
Model, parameters, and learner
Robotics and NLP
Robotics: Branch of engineering involving development and manufacture of mechanical or computer devises that perform tasks that require a high degree of precision
NLP: Aspect of AI that involves tech that allows computers to understand, analyze, and manipulate natural languages
Healthcare spending
Increased IT
Control tech costs by
Raise patient awareness
Manage tech costs
Manage Deep Learning
Patient Records
Electronic Medical Record: Collection health-related info on individual that is created and consulted by staff within single healthcare org
Electronic Health Record: Comprehensive View of a Patient's Complete Medical History
Personal Health Record: Those portions of EHR routinely shared with patient
Healthcare information Exchange: Process of sharing patient-level info between orgs
HITECH 2009
act incentivizes physicians to implement EHR systems
Meaningful use
Improving quality
Engage patients and families in their health
Improve care coordination
4, Improve population and public health
Ensure adequate privacy and security protection for personal health information
Clinical Decision Support
Process and set of tools designed to enhance healthcare dcision making
Increases quality of care
Cuts costs
Prevents errors
Boosts provider and patient satisfaction
CPOE System Enables physicians to place and transmit orders
Telehealth
Telehealth: Employs electronic information processing
Supports at-distance healthcare
Telemedecine: Involves providing medical care to people at a location different from healthcare providers
Storte-and-forward: Involves azquiring data, images, and video from a patient and transmitting everything toa medical specialist for later evaluation
Live telemedicine: Requires presence of patients and healthcare providers at different sites at the same time
Remote monitoring: Ongoing measurement of vital signs and other health measures