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geography case studies - Coggle Diagram
geography case studies
glaciation
Sagarmatha national park
threats
: Water pollution, footpath erosion, problems with waste disposal, and the construction of illegal trails
avalanches: caused by clearance of forests for farming, an avalanche: in 2015 due to an earthquake caused an avalanche to hit the South Base Camp. 22 people died
deforestation: loss of habitats, soil erosion and nutrients washed away, risk of landslides, used for fires
problems
:
Two main routes have become dangerously
crowded and polluted
solutions
: limiting group sizes and number of people given permits to climb/year. properly qualified guides only policy
UNESCO World Heritage site since 1979 – Huge environmental value
management:
players: NGOs, Sherpa people, National park and wildlife conservation office & local leaders
aims: use of kerosene instead of wood for fires, limiting development projects, banning goats (that destroy vegetation)
the lake district
threats
Drying out of peat, releasing a huge amount of stored carbon
An increase of non-native species
. Non-native species, especially plants, push out native plants and wildlife
that depends on them, therefore loss of native species
management
aims:
low carbon lake district-
working with businesses and communities to reduce emissions
Setting carbon reduction targets and promoting the highest energy efficiency standards. Working to rethink how visitors get to the Lake District
Key players are promoting sustainable development to achieve a prospering economy, excellent tourism opportunities and resilient communities
players
: LDNPP (Lake District National Park Partnership) is made up of 25 organisations representing public, private,
community and voluntary sectors
Over 16 million tourists visiting the Lake District every year provides over 16,000 jobs
Tourism is worth over £1.1 billion to the local economy in the Lake District.
Additional tourist traffic causes congestion, Seasonal and poorly paid jobs
footpath erosion
is a problem; walkers destroy vegetation and compact soil; exposed soil is washed away by rainfall; The path widens when walkers try to avoid eroded paths
regeneration
London Olympic park
meant to be up to 2,800 new homes with affordable rents, but it is noted that it is
unaffordable for Newham’s poorest households :red_cross:
4964 jobs were removed from the area of the Park to make way for the Olympics : :red_cross:
Newham is where one in four families live in overcrowded properties and which in 2015 had over
16,000 households on its housing waiting list
The Olympics brought more than £9bn of investment to East London, much of which went into
transport. :smiley:
The redevelopment of the Lea river decontaminated the land, improving local health, and made a
once derelict inaccessible area a pleasant and attractive place :smiley:
Kelham island
the changes:
increased student population, specifically international students
riverside regeneration; from old workshops/warehouses to bars, restaurants, apartments, commercial space
turned from an industrial steel site to trendy, hipster new area that young people are moving towards
the influences:
international: global shift meant producing steel was cheaper elsewhere, wasn't economical to keep producing steel in the UK, so areas like Kelham fell into disrepair and dereliction.
regional: Sheffield city council put regeneration plans in, some funding and land use planning permission
national: conservative gov. (Thatcher) tries to cut steel productions that aren't making enough money. Steel production in UK dropped and Sheffield suffered in the 80s with unemployment and shutting of steel factories
successes:
negative media argues it's 'lost it's heritage' by turning old buildings into modern places. 'gentrification has gone too far'
perceived success through positive media representation influences people stronger than negative influence on media.
named in top ten 'coolest places in Britain' . Positive media like 'fantastic things to do in Kelham'- means people view it as a special place
Cornwall
rebranding the country side: farm diversification, special foods like Cornish pasties, cheeses, wines etc.
Eden project:
previously a quarry, now large range of nature and plants display
benefits: in the first 10 years it created £1.1 billion for Cornish economy. generated 650 jobs & 3000 supporting jobs
costs: £140 million to create traffic to the location has increased pollution
Newquay aero hub:
business park, aviation focused
costs: lots of 'new jobs' were just people moving from public to private sector. Hubs in urban areas are more successful
benefits: diversify the economy, not only seasonal/tourism. 700 highly skilled jobs made in first year.
un/successful places
Sydney
with over-seas banks and TNCs its the leading financial centre for the Asia-Pacific region. 40 out of 43 international banks operating in
Australia have their regional headquarters in Sydney.
in 2011 there was over 450,000 businesses based in Sydney, including half of Australia's top 500 businesses.
sun-belt city, many workers are willing to move there to work, as there is a warm climate.
young economically active workforce, median age of 36, which benefits the economy as the dependent people in society (elderly, disabled etc.) who can't work have the young workforce population to keep the economy and state stable.
national governments have embraced globalisation by:
-de-regulating banking & finance
-focusing inward migration on
well-qualified professionals
Rust Belt
large industrial population in 1950s, coal manufacturing.
decline of rust belt's industry:
-china/overseas companies producing cheaper steel and coal
-mining companies mechanicalised
decline has caused: brain drain + population decrease, crime and unemployment
states including Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Indiana and Kentucky.
urban area in rust belt: Cleveland
33% poverty rate in 2019, majority have graduated high school (unlike BtyVle)
population fell by over 500,000 since deindustrialisation
rural area in rust belt: Beattyville
one of US poorest towns, mainly trailer homes and sink estates. half of all families live in poverty
Canary Wharf
LDDC opened in '81. London docklands development corporation. aimed to repopulate the area, setting up better transport links and provide better accommodation
planted 200,000, created cycle routes and pathways.
London Docklands- previous name. used to be a large economy of cargo shipping. handled 60 million tonnes in the 60s
decline of industry as containerisation took over from the 70s. by 1981 all the docks closed down
£7.7bn private investment went into the developments
developments led to 2700 businesses to move into the area, the DLR was created.
150,000 jobs created
water cycle
Brazil drought 2014-15
impacts
: halts of HEP=power cuts, water rationing for 4 mil, reduced crops raised global prices
impact of the rainforests
: killed off younger trees, less evapotranspiration; lowers humidity, water vapour & rainfall. risk of forest fires from dead material
causes
: ENSO cycles, specifically weather systems diverted winds away from the Amazon, the rains fell in Bolivia, little in Brazil
storm Desmond-2015
impacts
: 5200 homes flooded, businesses closed, damages cost £500m
human influence:
changing land-use (animal grazing leaves steep slopes bare, less interception of rain). mismanaged rivers (schemes weren't prepared for multiple floods per decade, so failed Desmond)
floods hit Cumbria, 341mm rainfall in 24 hrs
mitigating flood risks: reforestation, restoring river channels, flood plains. refusal of planning permission near rivers
the Amazon river regime:
natural influences= rainforest climate; seasonal precipitation and very high evapotranspiration (due to trees and plants)
human influences= large dams/reservoirs used by major cities + HEP
water budget deficit likely between
June-Sept. with high temps and low rainfall.
Turkey & it's neighbours
90% of water into Iraq will be cut off, agriculture will suffer and drinking water scarcity
Turkey spent $32 bn on building the Ilisu dam and HEP stations, also displaced 80,000 Turks and demolish ancient buildings to prep for the dams
river Tigris and Euphrates run from Tukey into Iraq and Syria. Turkey has put dams in place to conserve water to use, but this depletes both Iraq and Syria's water supply
Murray-Darling basin
threats
: increased/competing demands for water, depletion of water has left 2m tonnes of salt deposit in the basin
players
+ water usage: urban, industrial, domestic/leisure, agriculture (big one) , local/state gov.
provides 75% of Aus water, covers 14% of their land
M-DB plan:
integrated management plan
(looks at basin as a whole) aims to make a balance of water for communities and environment. determines the amount of water that can be extracted for consumption and still keep the basin healthy.
China's hard engineering:
3 gorges dam
produces 15% of all China's energy in a renewable way, diverts surplus water to places in need
632km² of land was flooded to form dam, 1.3m had to be relocated
designed to control flooding, improve water supply, generating HEP
south-north water transfer scheme
will submerge 370km² of land, risks draining too much water from southern China
reduce water shortages in the capital city and boost economy, reduce use of groundwater resources
3 routes will take water from the south, with lower population to places like Beijing, with high pop. and low water supply
migration, identity, sovereignty
Singapore: multi-cultural hub. population made up of Chinese, Malay, Eurasian, Indians. 4 official languages are recognised.
rural-urban migration: China
Hukou system- restrictions on internal migration, aimed to keep rural citizens in rural areas. they didn't get access to proper citizenship rights in urban areas
Iceland: only 6% foreign origin. remote location, middle of the Atlantic. reserves culture through book of approved names, Icelandic used by 92% of people. 74% are part of the same church.
Schengen agreement: 1995, abolished many internal borders in the EU. allowed passport-free movement across states. has been criticised that it enables cheap labour and free movement of terrorists/criminals
US-Mexico migration: many Mexican migrants travel to the US to find a job or education. making up 28% of migrants in the US. they often fill job gaps that US citizens may not want
Sudan: became independent in 1955, 1962 - civil war breaks out in the south and in 1983 the president introduces islamic laws across Sudan. civil war begins between the government and South Sudan, 2011 - South Sudan is granted its independence after 20 years of guerrilla warfare - 2 million died and 4 million displaced - caused by access to resources and power, 2023 - army and government clashing - already resulted in hundreds of deaths and currently 1.4 million displaced
globalisation
switched off locations
North Korea- politically isolated. the policies forbids free spread of culture, information and people. the government want to be independent and not become involved in globalisation
Zambia- a physically isolated country as it is landlocked and doesn't have access to trading as easily.
1970s TamZam rail line was built, connecting the 2 countries, invested by china. the raw copper from Zambia was transported to Tanzania's coast
Tanzania- an economically isolated country, no stable economy as they faced serious debt (until 2000s, when HIPC initiative was introduced to omit their debt).
global shift-
China
India
open-door policy in 1991 allows India to attracting FDI,
it's connections to UK during British empire meant that English was spoken in sections of the country. company's call-centres were moved over to India
the movement of manufacturing from western countries over to Asian countries due to cheaper land, low taxes + few workplace laws
china
open door policy 1978, western countries saw the benefit of out-sourcing to china's new Special Economic Zones (SEZs)
contributed to globalisation as it was most popular location for moving companies production, spread FDI around the world
world's largest recipient for FDI since 2000
carbon cycle
US fracking:
the process of injecting liquid at high pressure into rocks to force open existing fissures and extract oil or gas
cons
: drinking water & groundwater contamination, even able to set fire to kitchen water due to gas exposure. weakens ground, risk of earthquakes. a lot of energy/pollution in production.
pros
: supports 1.7m jobs, $74 billion per year into the economy. less reliance on other countries to provide energy.
Canadian tar sands
naturally occurring mixture of sands, clay, water & bitumen
cons
: produces 3x the emissions than conventional oil, forests are being destroyed to make way for extractions, water pollution that caused illnesses,
pros
: brings Canada $19bn per year, provides an alternative energy source, offers energy security for US + Canada, a temporary solution until new renewable ways are found.
deep water oil:
oil rigs in oceans, drilling into sea bed to extract oil. Petrobras is the main company. 10s of billions barrels of oil of the coast of Rio-Brazil.
cons
: requires special equipment + training compared to land drilling. offshore hazards are far more dangerous (gulf of Mexico rig explosion), oil leaking into oceans kills species and disrupts water cycle.
pros
: new jobs created-highly paid/skilled, provides energy independence for countries
biofuel in Brazil
Brazil is world's largest producer of biofuels since 1970s.
cons
: takes land away from food production-farmers suffer, requires large volumes of water, clearing forests to grow more crops releases carbon into atmosphere, can require another energy source to ignite the burning process-uses fossil fuels
pros
: cars running on bio-ethanol emit 80% less CO2 than petrol cars. Brazil's use of biofuels has reduced 350m tonnes of CO2 emissions. bio-degradable so the waste isn't harmful
UK's changing energy mix
now most dependant on imported fossil fuels, renewable energies like wind, solar, hydroelectric and bioenergy emerged too.
relied on coal from mines in England until 1970s, gas beneath the North sea as well as nuclear power developed in the 80s-90s
tectonic hazards
volcanoes
Mt Nyiragongo- DRC
VEI= 1
destructive plate margin
HDI= 0.358
imapcts
social
: 400,000 had to be evacuated, lava filled roads and burnt people as it cooled. many people moved to overcrowded refugee camps
economic
: businesses and jobs lost, aviation fuel stores exploded at the airport, many couldn't rebuild their homes, 30% of city destroyed
Mt Merapi- Indonesia
VEI= 4. composite volcano
divergent plate boundary
HDI= 0.665
impacts
social
: 350,000 had to flee their homes. Roads were blocked as people tried to flee, Schools were closed
economic
: vegetable prices increased from damage to crops
tsunamis
Indian ocean tsunami 2004
destructive boundary; The Indio-Australian Plate subduction below the Eurasian Plate
killed around 230,000 across Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Myanmar.
9.3 magnitude earthquake on seafloor
impacts:
social
: coastal settlements destroyed, some villages had 70% of their people killed, small islands cut off when jetties were washed away
economic
: Fishing, tourism, agriculture economies devastated. In Sri Lanka, 60%+ of fishing fleet & industrial infrastructure
destroyed, Thailand tourism industry lost $25 million/month & 120,000 workers lost their jobs
Japan tsunami 2011
around 20,000 deaths
preparations in place:
vulnerable areas had 10m walls to absorb impact
disaster emergency kits in most homes/offices
strict construction laws so buildings have earthquake-proof structures
loss
: hadn't prepared the nuclear power plant on the coast, so it was damaged and released dangerous radiation into the air
9.0 earthquake stuck 100km away from coast
earthquakes
Haiti 2010
conservative plate boundary, shallow focus.
impacts:
economic
: 97,000 houses destroyed .Capital city was devastated .$3 million in damage .30,000 commercial buildings damaged .Hospitals collapsed
social
: 316,000 death toll, 300,000 injured, 1.3 mil displaced from homes, Spread of cholera contaminated water supply
long-term
: 2 million without food and water. Frequent power cuts, Crime increased - looting became a problem, People moved into temporary shelters, Small tsunami wave, liquefaction around the port worsened the damage
7.0 magnitude quake, 15 miles from capital city (Port au Prince)
management:
vulnerable country, HDI= 0.471
Christchurch 2010 + 11
Magnitudes of 6.3 and 7.1 were measured
impacts:
economic
: over 50% of buildings in the area damaged, unable to host sporting events; loss of money that would've been made
social
: 185 deaths & 5800 injured in both quakes combined
developed country, HDI= 0.931
Nepal 2015
HDI= 0.58 in 2015
epicentre was just 60 kilometres from Kathmandu, the capital city
7.8 magnitude
vulnerability/reasons
for it to become a disaster:
weak infrastructure (roads, bridges)and most buildings weren't made to withstand the shaking.
aftershocks of up to 7.3 magnitude set back the rescue/emergency services from reaching people.
mountainous Himalayas meant landslides killed many
however, it did occur at midday so many were out on farms, not at risk of falling buildings. also, rural areas have a low population density which meant less people getting hurt-the exception is the capital
convergent plate margin between the Eurasian and Indian tectonic plates
multiple hazard zone: The Philippines
physical factors
; Sits across major convergent plate boundary, Faces the Pacific Ocean-prone to tsunamis, Tropical monsoon climate, 47 volcanoes, 22 of which are currently active
human factors:
25% of population live in poverty, Rapid urbanisation led to high population density, so there’s poor infrastructure/housing, very close together (the weak housing is more likely to collapse during a hazard and can harm people in this process)
MHZ= a location where two or more geophysical and hydrometeorological hazards can occur at any point.
superpowers
arctic circle claims
since the 1990s, its been protected by The Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy. signed by Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, the Soviet Union, and the United States
the countries surrounding the circle and arguing for ownership are: Denmark, Norway, US (Alaska), Russia and Canada
several countries try to claim the arctic circle as their land. to gain access to its untapped resources and to gain trading routes across the arctic ocean
some of the claims overlap, which cause tension and conflict;
Canada, since 2002, has carried out military exercises.
o Norway as expanded its navy
o Denmark has created an Arctic military response force.
o Russian Arctic circle military bases have rapidly grown in number.
south china sea conflict
China, Brunei, Taiwan, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Vietnam.
China is the most powerful country of the 6 and so have the most influence over it currently, but others say they are also entitled to the resources and trade links through the sea
countries contest for rights over this sea
China have been creating artificial islands in the sea to make military bases there. they are willing to defend their claim of ownership with force.