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Tisha 8-9D Science Mindmap - Coggle Diagram
Tisha 8-9D Science Mindmap
Atomic theories
Niels Bohr
name of the model: planetary model
Bohr was the first to discover that electrons travel in separate orbits around the nucleus and that the number of electrons in the outer orbit determines the properties of an element.
JJ thomson
name of the model: plum pudding
Thomson discover electrons using cathode ray tubes experiment
Ernest Rutherford
name of the model: nucleur model
Rutherford discover nucleus at the center of the atoms using the gold foil experiment
Erwin schrodinger
name of the model: the quantum mechanical model of the atom
Schrodinger discover a wave equation that accurately calculated the energy levels of electrons in atoms.
Atoms: an atom is a particle of matter that defines a chemical element.
Proton
Charge: positive (+)
location: proton is located in the nucleus
mass: amu
to find it is the number of protons in an atom to the atomic number of the element.
Neutron
charge: 0
mass: amu
location: the location is in the nucleus
to find it is the mass - atomic number
Electron
charge: negative (-)
location: electron is located outside of the nucleus
mass: negligible
to find it is the number of proton - number of charge
Molecules
molecule of an element: 2 or more atoms that is connected by chemical bonds.
compound: a substance that is made from 2 different elements
atoms of a element: is a part of an element
element: a substance that is made up of only one atom
molecule of a compound: have atoms of 2 or more different elements
Base: a substance that can neutralize the acid by reacting with hydrogen ions.
Properties of base
feels slippery
taste bitter
do not react with metals
can conduct electricity
corrosive
turn red litmus into blue litmus paper
Ions: an ion is an atom or group of atoms in which the number of electron is different from the number of proton
Anions: (-) ions are formed by elements in the right side of the periodic table. usually non-metals are anions
Cations: (+) ions are formed by elements in the left side of the periodic table. ususally metals are cations
conservation of mass: in a chemical reaction mass is neither created nor destroyed.
reactant: substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction
product: subsrance that is present at the end of a chemical reaction
Acid: a chemical substance that neutralizes alkalis, dissolves some metals, and turns litmus red; typically, a corrosive or sour-tasting liquid of this kind. has excess of H+ ions (the more H+ ions the more acidic the solution)
properties of acid
Taste sour
some type of acids reacts strongly with metal
conducts electricity in the form of ions
turns blue litmus paper into red litmus paper
example of acid
HCI (hydrochloric acid), H2SO4 (sulfuric acid),HF (hydrofluoric acid)
Citrus: citric acid
vinegar /kimchi / pickles - acetic acid
vitamin c - absorbic acid
yoghurt - lactic acid
fertilizer - sulfuric acid
Salt: substance produced by the reaction of an acid with a base.
properties of salt
its hard
brittle
crystalline solids
Most of the salts are water-soluble.
example of salt
acidic salt: ammonium chloride, ammonium sulphate
basic salt: sodium, chloride, table salt
neutral salt: potassium sulphate, potassium chloride
the reaction between a weak base and a strong acid is called an acidic salt