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Nervous System Kayla Rodriguez P.3 - Coggle Diagram
Nervous System Kayla Rodriguez P.3
Functions of Nervous system
the major aspects is sensory, input, integration,& processing
The functions are thinking, movement, and internal process
sensory
Provided by sensory receptors detect internal external charge
Information that travels from recepetors to sensory neurons, then transfer information into cns
Integrative
coordinates of sensory information in CNS
Processing of this information is the basis decision making
Motor
nerve impulses(cns) are conducted along motor neurons to effectors
effectors are muscles or glands taht respond to decision made in cns
Sub divisions and divisions of nervous system
Cns
made up of brain & spinal cord
responsible for integration of information & decision making
Pns
made up of cranial, spinal nerves that connect cns to teh rest of the body
has sensory (afferent) & motor(efferent)
Somatic NS: controls voluntary skeletal muscle
Autonomic NS: controls involuntary effectors (smooth & cardiac muscles & glands)
Tissues
Neurons
has a cell body, tubular dendrites, tubular, cytoplasm w/ axon
dendrites: short and branching, provide receptive surface to communicate w/ axons
axons: arises from a thickening extending from cell body; axon hillock
each axon has one neuron
Structures of neurons
Bipolar
2 process extending from cell body dendrite, axon, found in eyes nose, ears
Unipolar
1 process extending from cell body outside cell body, splits into 2 parts that function as 1 axon.
cell bodies are found in ganglia outside CNS
Multipolar
many dendrites, one axon neurons are multipolar
Neurolgia
it supports, nourishes, protects,and insulates neurons
CNS Neurolglia
Oligodendrocytes: Form Myelin Sheath around axons in the brain & spinal cord
Ependymal: produces cerbrospinal fluid in cns
Astrocytes: lie between and neurons
gives structural support
forms blood barrier that protects brain tissue from chemical fluctuation
Microglia: small cells that function as phagocytes for bacterial cells & cellular debris
produces scar tissue in sites of injury
Pns Neuroglia
Shwann cells: myelin producing neurolglia of PNS
Satelitte cells: give protective coverings around cell bodies of neurons in PNS
Classification of neurons
interneurons
multipolar neurons that are in the CNS form links between other neurons
nuclei is cell bodies of interneurons aggregate in masses
Motor (efferent)
multipolar neurons conduct impulses from CNS to peripheral effectors which are muscles or glands
Sensory(afferent)
conducts impulses from peripheral receptors to cns
usually unipolar & some are bipolar
Connective Tissue coverings
perineurium
covering around fascicles (bundles) of nerve fibers
endonieurium
covering around individual nerve fibers (axons)
Epinerium
outer covering of a nerve
Major Functions of Brain
Helps control body movement, behavior, and regulates the body and functions, Controls memory, thoughts, temperature, emotions, etc
Diencephalon
It surrounds the third ventricle and is responsible for sensory information and autonomic control
Thalamus
it channels all sensory impulse, excepts sense of smell, produces awareness of sensation like pain, touch, & temperature
hypothalamus
maintains homeostasis by regulating variety of visceral by linking endocrine to the nervous system
regulates heart rate, anterial blood pressure, body temp, water, hunger, controls movements, secretions of digestive tract
regulates wakefulness & sleep
Cerebellum
located beneath the occipital lobe of the cerebrum posterior to the brainstem
has 2 hemispheres connected by vermis
Cerebellar cortex
Thin layer of grey matter outside of arbor vitae
arbor vitae
core of white matter
Cerebrum
Functions
it interprets sensory input, initiating voluntary muscular movements, stores information for memory, integrades, information for reasoning, intelligence, & personality
Parts
has parietal, frontal, occipital, and temporal lobes
Brainstem
connects the cerebrum diencephalon & brainstem to the spinal cord
Pons
is between the midbrain & medulla oblongata
helps regulate the rate and depth of breathing
medulla oblongata
transmits ascending & descending impulses between brain & spinal cord
houses nuclei that controls visceral functions like alters heart rate, controls blood pressure, rate of breathing and depth, controls reflexes like coughing, sneezing, swallowing, vomiting
Midbrain
located between the diencephalon & pons
main motor pathways between cerebrum & lower portions of NS
Major parts and functions of spinal cord
Transmits impulses to & from brain
Lumbar Enlargement
thickest region near bottom of spinal cord
gives rise to nerves that serve to lower limbs
Cervical Enlargement
thickest area near top of spinal cord
Provides nerves to upper limbs
Cauda equina
structure formed where the spinal cord teparts inferiorly
has spinal nerves in the lumbar & sacral aread
white matter has bundles of myeleinated nerve fibers surround butterfly shaped core of gray matter
Dorsal roots ganglia is outside of spinal cord has cell bodies of sensory neurons
Ascending tracts carry sensory information to brain
Descending tracts carry motor info from brains to muscle and glands
Active Potential & Nerve impulse
neuron stays relaxed until stimulated
stimulus can change resting potential in either direction
excitatory stimulus opens chemically- gated NA+ channels
Threshold is strong enough to cause Na+ions to enter neurons
Potential charge -70 to -55mv
Volted is gated Na+channels is open; charge is changed to +30mv
Depolarization change from a negative to positive charge
Actin potential happens when charge reaches -55mv then cells return to resting potential by repolarization
Hyperpolarization happens at the end of repolarization
Spinal Nerves
Brachial
arise from lower cervical & upper thoracic nerves; supply muscles and skin of arms, forearms, & hands, lead into teh upper limbs include the musculocutaneous ulnar, median, radial,, & axillary nerves
Lumbsacral
arise from lower spinal cord; supply muscles & skin of the lower abdomen, external genitalia, buttocks, & legs, include the obtunator, femoral, & sciation nerves
Cervical
Lie on either side of the neck
Supplies muscles & skin of neck include the phrenic nerves which control the diaphram
Nerves
8 pairs of cervical nerves, 12 pairs of thoracic nerves
5 pairs of lumbar nerves, 5 pairs of sacral nerves
1 pair of coccygeal nerves
Cranial nerves
Abducens
moves eyes
primarily motor
Facial
taste anterior tongue, facial expression, tear glands, salivary glands
Mixed
Trigeminal
eyes, tear glands, scalp,forehead upper eyelids, teeth, gum, lip, linings of palate, skin of face, jaw, lower teeth, gum and lip
Mixed
Vestibulocochlear
equilibrum, hearing
Sensory
Trochlear
moves eyes, conditions of muscles
Glossopharyngel
pharynx in swallowing, salivary glands
Mixed
oculomotor
raises eyelid, move eyes, and adjusts amount of light entering eyes, focuses lenses
primary motor
Vagus
speech, swallowing,impulses to heart, smooth muscle, glands in thorax & abdomen, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, viscera, or thorax & abdomen
Mixed
Optic
vision
sensory
Accessory
muscles of soft palate, pharynx, larynx, neck and back
Primarily motor
Olfactory
sense of smell
sensory
Hypoglossal
moves the tongue
Primarily motor
Neurotransmitters
Communicates by using a chemical in synaptic vesicles
releases in response to a nerve impulse
diffuses across clefts bind to receptors on membrane or postsynaptic neuron
more then 100 neurotransmitters have acetylcholine, amino acids, neuropeptides
Dopamine
Cns: sense of feeling good;
Pns: may excite or inhibit, depending
on receptors.
Acetylcholine
CNS: Controls skeletal muscle actions
PNS: Stimulates skeletal muscle contraction at neuromuscular junctions;
serotonin
Primarily inhibitory; leads to sleepiness; action is blocked by LSD
Norepinephrine
CNS: sense of feeling good; low levels may lead to depression.
PNS:May excite or inhibit autonomic nervous system actions
Histamine
promotes alertness.
Compare and contrast autonomic N.S
Differences
Somatic
Connects CNS to skeletal muscles, skin, & oversees conscious activities
has sensory and motor pathways
autonomic
connects CNS to Viscera & controls subconscious activities
only has motor pathways
Similarities
both part of the nervous system
both control muscle movements
Reflex arc
neural pathways are a reflex arc
Provide basis for involuntary actions called reflexes
sensory receptor
detects internal or external change
end of a dendrite or specialized receptor cell in sensory organ
effector
responds to stimulation by motor neuron and produces reflex or behavioral action
muscle or gland
sensory neuron
carries information from receptor into brain or spinal cord
dendrite, cell body, axon of a sensory neuron
interneuron
carries information from sensory neuron to motor neuron
dendrite, cell body, & axon of a neuron within the brain or spinal cord
motor neuron
carries instructions from brain to spinal cord out to effector
dendrite, cell body, & axon
Disorders & Diseases
alzheimers disease
form dementia associated with age
causes are age over 60, high insulin levels, past head trauma
memory loss, mood/ behavior changes, confusion
spinal cord injury
damage to the spinal cord
risks are direct injury or disease, fluid build up around the spinal cord , common in men ages 15 to 35
weakness, pain or numbness, paralysis,
autism
brain disorder that makes it difficult to communicate
formity history, mostly males, hereditary
symptoms are delay in learning to talk and communicate, repeated behaviors, anxiety, depression
Meningitis
infects the meninges surrounding the brain
bacteria or viral infection, fungi or parasites, tumors
nausea and vomiting, fever and chills, stiff neck
Cerebrovascular accident
occurs when blood flow to a portion of the brain is halted
causes is blood vessels clogged by plaque or blood clot, diaabtes, high cholestral
severe headache, change in hearing, taste, touch, vision, in alertness and balance
Multiple Sclerosis
autoimmune disease that damages mylein sheath
ages 20 - 40, nerve damage caused by inflammation, viral infection
muscle weakness and spasms, frequent urination, constipation
Drugs of abuse
Meth
affects dopamine neurotransmitters
meth copies dopamine and kicks out dopamine from teh receptors, and gets trapped in synaptic clefts
gives the body pleasure and exhiliration
Marijuana
Affects dopamine and inhibitory transmitters
it acts as anadamide and blocks inhibitory transmitters then dopamine is released into the dopamine receptor
Makes you relaxed, calm, and slow movemnets
cocaine
affects dopamine receptors
it blocks transporters and gets stuck in synaptic cleft
makes you fidgety, and cant stay still
Heroine
affects inhibitory transmitters and dopamine receptors
it acts as opiate and stops inhibitory transmitters from coming out and and then dopamine is released and it floods the synapse
it acts as a painkiller
ectasy
affects serotonin transmitters
goes in as serotonin and kicks out serotonin and gets trapped in synaptic cleft and and overstimulates
affects it with mood, sleep, apetite
alcohol
affects inhibitory and gaba receptors
it interacts with gaba receptors and makes it more inhibitory and prevents glutamate from leaving the cell
it affects your impulse control, memory, and decision making
LSD
It affects the serotonin transmitters and the receptors
it binds to serotonin receptors it can inhibit or excite them
it makes you wakefulness, startle responses, and unexpected stimilus