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Weiß - Coggle Diagram
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Structural characteristics of traditional & modern sports
Traditional
sport
physical violence is tolerated
spontaneous emotions
LITTLE restraint
open & spontaneous generation of combative mood -> enjoyment
violence & strength
Modern
sport
violence NOT tolerated
control of emotions
GREAT restraint
controlled & sublimated generation of combative mood -> tension
skillfulness & dexterity
Sport & society
sport
<- is a
microcosm of society
->
society
humans need social recognition
<- values & norms for social recognition ->
social values
individual
<- culture (values & norms) ->
society / social group
Sport unites action & representation
Personal identity =
uniqueness of the individual
personal
sporting
identity ... volleyball taught me
confidence
inner strength
good physical condition
achieve goals
Social identity
= refers to the norms that the individual is faced with
social
sporting
identity ... people think
of me as a volleyball player
it's important that i continue
that volleyball is important to me
accept me as a volleyball player
Sporting identities for countries
successful sport (e.g. skiing in Austria) = strong identity
The social significance of sport in Europe: design of a sport index
sport club members
amount of sport lessions in school
local sport opportunities
state aid
sport participation
gross value added
olympic success
PA & sport as social phenomena
Culture
= is all the social learning passed between generations
= social learning includes:
symbols
(words & signs)
physical objects
(tools & computers)
customs
(manners & decorum)
institutional arrangements
(family & sport)
sport = specific culture = cultural product
humans = active beings -> with actions we produce culture
Social recognition
sport has a social significance
values & norms are necessary
types
as a
member of a group
-> development = in social groups
in an
assigned role
in an
acquired role
in a
public role
of
personal identity
-> self expectation
Values & norms
values
basis for making decisions
the culturally prescribed criteria by which individuals evaluate people, behaviour, objects and ideas
relative morality, desirability, merit, correctness
most important value for sport =
fairness
norms
derived from values
established standards for rules of behaviour
needed to fulfill values
=
bases for social recognition
-> are
reflected in sport
more than elsewhere
Education
/
socialization
is ...
the transmission of culture
the process of learning norms & social roles -> integrate
the process of becoming human
the process of learning culture -> product = identity (who am I)
a complex developmental learning process -> teaches knowledge, values & norms
Socialisation agencies
school
peer group
mass media
family
Gender roles & stereotypes in sport
Class structure
social class
= category of people who share similar professions, possessions, income, education, attitude, behaviour
upper
class sports
INDIVIDUAL sports
connection with nature
NO physical contact
HIGH participation rate
lower
class sports
LOW participation rate
TEAM sports
NO connection with nature
physical contact
Trends in sports
individualization
increase in sports with smaller teams
informal organization
new motivations
professionalization
Reasons for sport participation
recreation & reduction of stress
enjoyment of nature
physical fitness for a longer life
desire to be fit & healthy
healthy body
enjoyment of exercise
social contacts
physical achievement
adventure & extreme experience
competition
aesthetic & erotic experience
Sport & health
Positive effects of sport
endurance, strength, mobility, velocity, coordination
psychosocial health
stress regulation
increase in subjective quality of life -> social well-being
flow-experiences -> spontaneous "joie de vivre"
^ self-perception & -conception
avoided costs of diseases & death > sport accidents
economy & sports
commercialization
= adoption of sports to economic principles
sponsorship
= mutually advantageous relationship btwn organizations -> sponsor provides benefits in exchange for association with events, ...
professionalization
-> sports regulation -> education, associations, income, ethical standards, ...
mediatization
-> sport produced to be transmitted in media
functions of sport
intercultural education
= learning & sharing common values
politics
= sport is misused by politics
health
education
= close to socialization
emotion
= human activity
social integration
= being part of a society
violence
= violations towards the environment, groups & one self
aggression
= intended physical/psychological violation
doping
fair play
= equal opportunities, respect, adherence to rules
