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Chemistry- Atomic structure and The Periodic Table, Group 1 metals, Group…
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Group 1 metals
Trends
- The further down the column the more reactive they get
- All are white crystalline solids
- The melting points decrease as you go down the column
- They are all colourless solutions
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- They all have high melting points and high boiling points
- They all have 1 electron on the outer shell
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Li, Na, K
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they are soft and when exposed to air in a matter of seconds you can see it tarnishes showing a reaction
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All the metals in Group 1 have 1 electron on the outer shell meaning they all have 1+ charge, this means they are IONIC
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Francium is even more reactive, it is dangerous
Group 7
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Trends
- The melting and boiling points increase as you go down the column
- They all go around in diatomic pairs
- They have all typical non-metal properies
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Chlorine - yellow, green - gas
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Group 0
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Because they have filled outer shells, there is no chemical reaction as there is no way to gain or lose electrons
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Helium - 2 - Gas - White, orange
Neon - 2,8 - Gas - Red, orange
Argon - 2,8,8 - Gas - Violet
Krypton - 2,8,8,8 - Gas - Grey
Xenon - 2,8,8,8,8 - Gas - Grey, blue
Radon - 2,8,8,8,8,8 - Gas - Colourless
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Ions
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With positive ions, The charge = the group number
With negative ions, the charge = the group number - 8
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Transition Metals
Trends
- They have the highest melting points and boiling points
- They have higher densities
- They are much stronger and harder
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- They have metallic properties
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History of the atom
Timeline
Democritus 460-370 BC
John Dalton 1766-1844
J.J Thomson 1856-1940
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- He did an experiment showing there is space for particles to pass through
- However some particles bounced back showing there was a nucleus
- Atoms packed full of spheres of positive matter embedded with negatively charged electrons
- Also known as the Plum Pudding model
- This was the discovery of the electron
- He won a nobel prize, however this model did not stay long
- In 1808 John Dalton saw that common things broke down into the same elements
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- Found out that an atom can not be created or destroyed
- Tiny particles even in different shapes
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- However Aristotle disagreed saying that all matter is made of water, fire, earth and wind
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Isotopes- Atoms of the same element with the same number of electrons and protons but different number of neutrons
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Covalent Bonds - A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms
