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Wearable devices - Coggle Diagram
Wearable devices
Current Status
Ingredient
Smart Tattoo
it was still not an easy to use DIY circuit fabrication technique for users. The gold leaf fabrication technique was labor intensive, too delicate, and prone to developing circuit breaking cracks as the device was stretched and flexed on the skin
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Currently, having on device on the risk is not enough to accurately detect covid. the placement of medical devices on other parts of the body can enhance measurement accuracy for certain physiological characteristics. Increased precision using patches also comes at a cost and may cause skin irritations. Use of them in the real world may not be that suitable. GEtting government agencies to approve and regulate the use of these devices is hard. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107170
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wearable technology’s main features are sensing and collecting data continuously which may cause security and privacy concerns
Since most of the wearable communications utilize D2D solutions, i.e., when multiple devices are communicating in proximity (e.g., exe- cute any collaborative tasks), securing those links became an essential field of research
requires e-skin to have a network of distributed network of large number of sensors, actuators, and electronics over large area, i.e., whole body of robot or prosthetic limb. This significantly raises the energy requirements and makes e-skin a power-hungry systemthe frequent charging of the batteries or other energy storage devices discourages amputees and reduces the chances of acceptance of the prosthetics limbs. The energy requirement also poses a hurdle to the widespread use of e-skin in applications such as wearable health monitoring systemsSome suggestions include wireless powered/solar powered sensors, these could be used to power up other devices such as prosthetic limbs as well
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5/8858047/08858052.pdf?tag=1&tag=1
dominant positioning technology used by wearable devices relies on wireless technologies, e.g., BLE, Wi-Fi, UWB, with various signal propagation problem being present due to the complexity and continually changing of indoor environment. Finding a good trade-off between the accuracy and the energy consumption of a localization system is an on-going challenge. Ultrawide Band based localization systems can achieve cm- or dm-level accuracy and have a low energy consumption. However, they are not readily available in most of the wearables already on the market.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2021.108074
3D printed stretchable smart fibers and textiles for self-powered e-skin (Recently, different 3D printing methods are being used to fabricate lightweight, wearable biosensors for the measurement and quantification of glucose)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.105866
smart tattoo incorporates biosensors in the skin that allows individuals to monitor their health without requiring the sue of batteries. Biosensors are also known as epidermal electronic systems that consist of adhesive circuits and microprocessors. Developing smart tattoo tech to help monitor UV exposure, heart rate, oxygen levels, glucose levels from the perspiration of a patient. Electronic tattoos have a flexible design that can withstand wrinkling bending and stretching of the skin without compromising the functions. Requires extensive research in biology, physical science, and engineering before being approved for implementation. Massachusetts institute of technology scholars and Harvard research have collaborated together to create a color changing tattoo ink that can change colors to indicate concentrations of different biomarkers. Example green to brown would indicate increase in glucose concentration.. bright green would indicate high sodium concentrations (dehydration). https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=8zZvEAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA171&ots=nBxjHPDN0D&dq=smart%20tattoo&lr&hl=zh-CN&pg=PA171#v=onepage&q&f=false
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Application
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Fashion
Smart Tattoos lies at the intersection of fashion, sustainability, and personalized experiences that allows people to design and create their own wearable technology. This technology can send signals via Bluetooth from a microprocessor to any device.
There are at least two main methodologies for producing smart tattoos: synthetic biology and nanotechnology. Synthetic biology operates skin genetic manipulation. It may produce a cell that gets colored when it detects biological chemistry changes in the body, thus rendering the tattoo visible and colored. Nanotechnology manipulates matter on the nano scale (1-100 nano meters). Instead of using solid pigment particles like in standard tattoos, nanotechnology uses hollow microcapsules which can be flled with diverse materials, depending on the tattoo function
technological advances on smart tattoo for military purposes by detecting poisons in the air, by discovering pathogens in soldiers or by recognizing when soldiers are stressed or hurt
Carson Burns, a researcher in molecular nanotechnology at the University of Colorado, is developing a tattoo that goes from invisible to coloured spots when the skin is overexposed to sun light and to UV rays. Powered by solar energy, this tech-tattoo has in its micro particles an UV sensitive colour changing dye
Background
Hearing Aids, smartwatches, fitness trackers such as the Fitbit Charge, VR headsets, smart jewelry, web-enabled glasses and Bluetooth headsets.
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