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HUMANISM AND THE REINASSANCE
HUMANISM AND KNOWLADGE
humanism
a cultural movement
began in 14th century
developed fully in the 15th and 16th centuries
developed in the nothern part of Italian Pen.
had a flourishing economy
nothern part of the italian peninsula in the mid-15th century
humanists developed an anthropocentic world view
humans and their intelligence
main concerns of the humanists
the revival of antiquity
humanists scholars
( Petrarch and Giovanni Boccaccio) studied antiuity
revised classical thinking
to make it compatible with Cristian values
the love of knowledge
humanists beilieved
a person´s prestige not only depended on wealth and power
depends also in their education
humanists --> experts in various fields
Leonardo da Vinci was a pinter
he also studied antomy, botany, mechanics
encouraged the use of Latin and Greek
anthropocentrims
humans --> centre of historical events
humanism an individual movement
humans were considered capable to making decisions
using reason of intelligence
humanists artist and thinkers
supported by patrons
sponsored cultural and artistic activities
thanks to their power + wealth
their courts and palaces
epicentres of humanism
in some cities
humanists created academies
Florence
sponsored by the Medici fam.
brought together great 15th century thinkers
outside florece
sir Thomas more
an important english lawyer and author
defended
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utopia (book)
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cardinal cisneros
set up the university of Alcalá
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erasmus of notterdam
born in netherlands, criticised the vices of society
reform individual’s freedom of choice
the spread the knowledge
humnist and knowledge
spread rapidly in the modern age
middle ages
knowledge was spread over books
writtten by hands
clregymen in monasteries
the printing press
1440
Johannes Gutenberg
invetned the movable-type printing press
scientific knowledge
revived the scientific method
used in Ancient Greece and Rome
aim
find a well-reasoned explanation
natural phenomena
provide empirical evidence
many advances
not popular
astronomy
16th century
Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus developed
heliocentric theory
the Earth and all the other planets orbited the Sun
contradicted the geocentric theory
17th century
Galileo Galilei proved Copernicu´s theory
using telescope
he was condemned by the Church
medicine
clinical trials
theory of pulmonary circulation of blood
Miguel Servet
development of pharmacology
Swiss physician Paracelsus.
treaty of anatomy by Vesalius
was bron in Flanders
17th century
microscope was invented
geography
established that the Earth was espherical
modern cartography began
maps were created
based on
world map drawn by Gerardus Mercator
showed all the lands discovered
parallels and meridians
THE RENAISSANCE IN ITALY
basis of the Renaissance
linked
artistic changes
15th and 16th century
artisitc approacehs
revived the styles ancient Greek and Roman art
began on the Italian Peninsula
cinquecento
quattrocento
architecture
innovations
departed from
older Gothic forms
the growth of civil architecture
churches continued to be built
civil buildings
hospitals and palaces
a return to classical structural elements
use of columns imitating Ancient Greek and Roman design
building concept and design
buildings that found harmony in shapes and proportion
adapt to human ideals
the revival of ancient roman roofs
use
semi-circular arches
domes
barrel vaults
architraves in many buildings
quattrocento
15th century
aimed to create
harmonious spaces based on mathematical
and geometrical studies
most important architects
Brunelleschi
dome of Florence Cathedral
Basilica di San Lorenzo
Alberti
Basilica di Sant’Andrea
Tempio Malatestiano
cinquecento
16th century
most important works of architecture
built in Rome
buidings became
more monumental
scrupulously respect ancient architectural orders
Bramante designed the most important building
St. Peter’s Basilica, in the Vatican
painting
many advances in painting techniques
wider variety of themes
added to more traditional religious themes
main characteristics
balance
not disrupt the harmonious balance
use of light
depict area of light and shadow
proportion
essence of beauty
representation of human figure
illusion of depht
developed the technique of perspective.
quattrocento
15th century
developed techniques of depth and perspective
Masaccio or Piero della Francesca
most important artist
Botticelli
sculpture
gothic naturalism
main influence --> classical sculp.
variety of materials
bronze
wood
marble
new themes
2 main forms of sculptures
in the round
free-standing sculptures
observable from various angles
relief sculptures
carved directly onto flat surfaces
pursuit of ideal beauty
balance
inspired by Ancient Greek and Roman approach
artists
studied
proportions of human body
anatomy
quattrocento
Florence the mos important
works of Ghiberti and Donatello -> important
Ghiberti
landscapes and depth to create the reliefs on the doors
Gates of paradise
Donatello
excellent knowledge of human anatomy
balance sculptures of nudes
cinquecento
16th century
Rome became another centre for sculpture
gratest artist Michelangelo
show new developments in monumentality and a style
terribilitá
THE SPREAD OF THE RENAISSANCE
the renaissance in Europe
spread from Italy to the rest of Europ
trade links and the patronage of king
bishops and nobleme
the holy roman empire
combined
humanist concepts of Italian painting
style developed in Flanders
example
Albrecht Dürer
Hans Holbein
France
patronage and power of the monarchy
architecture was important
Louvre in Paris and châteaux such as the one in Blois.
Flanders
Bruges and Antwerp became very prosperous
wealthy middle class developed in these cities
keen
demonstrate their power
building and decorating luxurious city palaces.
gratest innovations were in paintings
group of artists known as the Flemish Primitives
15th century
realistic figures and concern for detail.
The Van Eyck brothers and Rogier van der Weyden
important members of the group
