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Diseases - Coggle Diagram

- - - - covid-19
    - - cholera
    - - eg salmonella
    - - chicken pox
    - - eg. HIV
    - - malaria
- - - - Measles (viral)
      - HIV (viral)
      - Malaria (protist)
      - Salmonella (bacterial)
      - Gonorrhoea (bacterial)
    - - Non-specific
        
        Physical & Chemical
        
        stomach acid
        
        nose (mucus & hair)
        
        tears
        
        eye lashes / brows
        
        skin
        
        scabs
        
        trachea (cilia & goblet cells)
        
        Phagocytosis
        
        cytoplasm engulfs pathogen
        
        pathogen is digested
        
        pathogen diffuses out
      - Specific
        
        Lymphocytes
        
        anti-toxins
        
        bacteria produce toxins
        
        Lymphocytes produce antitoxins
        
        these neutralise he toxin
        
        antibodies
        
        lymphocytes have have specific receptors
        
        lymphocytes produce antibodies
        
        These then bind to the antigen
        
        They have a complimentary shape
        
        Process is called agglutination
        
        memory cells
        
        after and initial infection lymphocytes create memory cellls
        
        this means there are lots of specific lymphocytes
      - Vaccination
        
        A small piece of a dead/inactive pathogen
        
        introduced to the body
        
        this stimulates production of white blood cells and antibodies
        
        Herd immunity:
        
        A large proportion of the population have been vaccinated
        
        The transmission rates go down lots
        
        helps protect those who are unable to be vaccinated
    - - simple hygiene
      - destroying vectors
      - isolation of infected people
      - vaccination
  - - - drugs were traditionally extracted from plants
      - The heart drug digitalis originates from foxgloves.
      - Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming from the Penicillium mould.
      - testing
        
        done to check toxicity, efficacy and dose
        
        preclinical- testing on cell tissu, and living animals
        
        clinical-healthy volunteers (very low dose),
        
        clinical- patient volunteers. random allocation of placiebo, double blind, be peer reviewed
        
        large scale trials are held
    - - factor effecting health:
      - diet
      - stress
      - life situation
      - risk factors: substances in the body or environment,/aspects,of,lifestyle
    - - Viruses living in cells can be the trigger for cancers.
      - Immune reactions initially caused by a pathogen can trigger allergies such as skin rashes and asthma.
      - Defects in the immune system mean that an individual is more likely to suffer from infectious diseases.
      - Severe physical ill health can lead to depression and other mental illness.
    - - The effect of alcohol on the liver and brain function.
      - The effect of smoking on lung disease and lung cancer.
      - The effects of smoking and alcohol on unborn babies.
      - Carcinogens, including ionising radiation, as risk factors in cancer
      - Obesity as a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes.
      - The effects of diet (high fat, high cholesterol), smoking and lack of exercise on cardiovascular disease.
    - - benign- growths of abnormal cells contained in one area, usually with a membrane. They don't invade other parts of the body
      - malignant-are cancerous cells. They invade naighbouring tissues and cells. They spread through the body through the blood to cause secondary tumours
      - a result of changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and division
      - risk factors
        
        Common viruses
        
        UV exposure
        
        Obesity
        
        genetics
        
        Smoking
    - - production
        
        this then forms a hybridoma cell
        
        hybridoma cells can rapidly divide and produce specific antibodies
        
        tumour cells are taken and fused with the specific lymphocytes in a petri dish
        
        these cells clone themselves and rapidly divide
        
        the mouse then produced lots of specific lymphocytes that are extracted from the mouse
        
        the monoclonal antibodies are separated, purified and can be used
        
        the antigen of a pathogen is injected into a mouse
      - uses
        
        used in labs
        
        mAbs are used to measure the level of hormones & other chemicals in the blood/ detect pathogens
        
        in research
        
        to locate or identify specific molecules in a cell/tissue by binding to them w/ a florescent dye
        
        diagnosis
        
        pregnancy tests- the mAbs bind to the hormone hCG
        
        in LFT's if the specific protein is found and bound to to second line will appear
        
        treatment
        
        attach drugs to the mAbs
        
        for cancer radioactive substances can be attached to stop rapid cell division
      - Monoclonal antibodies are specific to one binding site on one protein antigen. They can therefore target a specific chemical or type of cell within the body.
      - Monoclonal antibodies create more side effects than expected. They are not yet as widely used as everyone hoped when they were first developed.