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Zora 89D Science Mind Map, ZORA 89D - Coggle Diagram
Zora 89D Science Mind Map
Acid: acid is a solution that has an excess of H+ ions. it comes from the latin word acidus in which means sharp or sour. the more H+ ions a solution has, the more acidic the solution will become
here are some properties of an acid:
taste sour
conducts electricity that flows in the form of ions
some acids react strongly with metals
turns blue litmus paper into red
corrosive in which means they break down certain substances
examples of acids:
HCI (hydrochloric acid), H2SO4 (sulfuric acid), HF (hydrofluoric acid)
soda: bicarbonic acid
citrus: citric acid
vinegar/kimchi: acetic acid
yoghurt: lactic acid
vitamin c: absorbic acid
fertilizer: sulfuric acid
all of those examples above are examples of weak acids
acetic acid: vinegar
citric acid: lemons, lime, oranges, sour patch, lemonhead
extra information about acid
acid disolves calcium which can turn into CO2 gas
suggest why high acidity helps preserve food from spoilage: high acidity helps prevent bacterial growth which is what causes food to spoil
(0-2): indicates strong acid in a pH scale
(3-6): indicates weak acid in a pH scale
base: a base is a solution that has an excess of OH- ions. bases are substances that can accept hydrogen ions. another word for base is alkali
here are some properties of a base:
base: __OH eh: NaOH, Ca(OH)2
feels slippery
taste bitter
corrosive
can conduct electricity
does not react with metals
turns red litmus paper to blue
uses of a base:
plants products which is almost always alkaline
gives soap ammonia
mostly for cleaning products
for your blood
chalk and oven cleaner
lye water (water+ash)
atomic theories
ernest rutherford:
ernest rutherford discovered the nucleus at the center of the atoms using the "gold foil experiment" which a piece of gold foil was hit with some alpha particle which they have a positive charge and it was shown that most of the alpha particles went right through and it showed that the gold atoms were mostly empty space which then led to his nucleur model
jj thomson
jj thomson discovered electrons using the cathode ray experiment in which he showed that all atoms contain tiny negatively charged subatomic particles or electrons, which then led to his plum pudding model
niels bohr
niels bohr discovered electrons that are in a certain orbit using the spectometry of hydrogen gas experiment where the atom as a central nucleus was containing protons and neutrons with the electrons in circular orbitals at specific distances from the nucleus, from his experiment that then led to his planetary model
erwin schrodinger
erwin schrodinger discovered that electrons can move in a wave using the schrodinger cat experiment which is why his model which is the quantum model looks like a cloud, his experiment explained that the electron is a wave that tries to describe the regions in space or orbitals where electrons are usually most likely to be found at
atoms:
protons:
charge: (+)
mass: 1 amu
location: in the nucleus
to find it in a element from a periodic table, proton is the atomic number because number of atomic number, proton, and neutron is the same
neutron
charge: (0)
mass: 1 amu
location: in the nucleus
to find it: mass number - atomic number
electron
charge: (-)
mass: negligible
location: outside of the nucleus
to find it: number of proton - number of charge
how to find average mass: sum all of the masses together and then divide by the number of individual masses.
molecules
element: a substance that is made up of only one atom as such: He, Mg, Ca
compound: a substance that is made from 2 or more different elements as such: (C6, H12, O6), (O2, H2O)
atoms of an element: is the part of an element as such: Cl, Na, C
molecules of an element: 2 or more atoms that is connected by chemical bonds as such: H2, O2, N2
molecules of a compound: have atoms of 2 or more different elements as such: H2O, CO2
salt: salt is a substance produced by the reaction of an acid with a base
properties of salt:
crystals or white crystalline powder
transparent and colourless
conduct electricity in molten
hard, brittle, and are non volatile in nature
most of the salts are water-soluble
salt is non flammable
examples of salt:
acidic salt: CuSO4, (NH4 Cl), ammonium chloride, ammonium sulphate
basic salt: sodium chloride/table salt
neutral salt: sodium nitrate (NaNO3), potassium sulphate (K2SO4), potassium chloride (KCI)
double salt: potash alum
the reaction between a weak base and a strong acid is called an acidic salt
ions: ions are atoms with extra or missing electrons
cations: (+) ions that are formed by elements on the left side of the periodic table. metals usually become cations
anions: (-) ions that are formed by elements on the right side of the periodic table. non-metals usually become anions
looking where it is on the periodic table is how its written in shorthand notation. the total charge is based on which column the elements located.
conservation of mass: mass is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions
reactant: a substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction
product: a substance that is present at the end of a chemical reaction
chemical reaction is the process when 1 or more reactants are connected to 1 or more different substances
pH scale
a pH scale is to find out if a solution is acidic or a base/alkaline
a pH scale ranges from 0-14
(0-2: strong acid), (3-6: weak acid), (7: neutral), (8-11: weak base), (12-14: strong base)
basic/alkaline solutions has a pH of above 7
acidic solutions have a pH below 7
isotopes
isotopes are atoms that are the same but have different amount/number of neutrons or mass
shorthand notation: the number on top is the mass number (proton + neutron) and the number on the bottom is the atomic number (number of protons or electrons). eg: Cl (chlorine)= the symbol of element which is symbolized by 1 or 2 letters
ZORA 89D