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Tourism, Such attractions can offer something spectacular, unique and…

- - - - Tourism outside of tourist's own country
    - - Tourism within a tourist's own country
- - - - Mountains, valleys, rivers, deserts, waterfalls, coral reefs and rainforest
    - - Different from built environment like towns and cities
        
        Provide opportunities to activities like hiking and cycling
    - - Arizonia, United States of America
        
        Grand Canyon park
  - - - Vietnam
        
        Limestone island, Halong Bay
  - - - Venues that can host large-scale events
      - Supported with infrastructure and services such as hotels and retail shops
        
        Attract organisers who organise trade fairs and international conferences, bring more business travellers
      - Some cities are more successful than others
        
        Cities located along international air routes
        
        Associated with other attractions such as coastal resorts, entertainment and shopping
      - Examples:
        
        Singapore
        
        Suntec City Convention centre
    - - Travelling for medical reasons
        
        People undergo procedures that would enhance their health
      - People from less developed countries seek better medical treatment than what is available in their home country
        
        Better cost and medical treatment
        
        Examples:
        
        Valve replacement with bypass
        
        Cost (US$)
        
        Singapore
        
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        India
        
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        Malaysia
        
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        South Korea
        
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      - Examples;
        
        South Korea
        
        A popular destination to seek medical procedures
        
        Highly skilled doctors and advanced technology
    - - Amusement park settings or are attractions that have a central subject or theme
        
        Cater to people of various age groups
      - Examples:
        
        Singapore
        
        Universal Studios Singapore
  - - - People travelling to locations to experience different cultures and to understand the history of the place better
        
        Heritage sites and activities help reinforce national identities for domestic tourists
      - Promote country's identity, culture and history to international tourists
      - Examples:
        
        Singapore
        
        Chinatown, Little India, Arab street
    - - When people travel to see locations featured in films
      - Scenes in movies that feature the location
        
        Understand how certain films work
      - Examples:
        
        China
        
        Zhangjiajie National Forest Park
        
        Appeared in Avatar movie
        
        Matamata, New Zealand
        
        Remains of the set in the Lord of the Rings
    - - People take part in a religious activity
      - Involves a journey to sacred places
        
        Shrine, mosque, temple and church
        
        Important to a person's beliefs
      - Examples:
        
        Mecca, Saudi Arabia
        
        Muslims
        
        Jerusalem, Israel
        
        Jews, Christians and Muslims
        
        Vatican city
        
        Catholic Christians
        
        Varanasi, India
        
        Hindus
    - - Areas where war, battles, man-made tragedies and unfavourable political situations occured
      - Dark tourism
        
        Involves travelling to sites associated with death and tragedy
        
        Usually survivors, relatives and friends of those affected
        
        People who wanted to know more about the event
        
        Examples:
        
        Cambodia
        
        Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum
- - - - Can discourage tourists from visiting a destination
        
        Pose a greater risk to the safety of the tourists and may disrupt essential tourist infastructure
    - - March 2011
        
        Tohoku, Japan
        
        The highest magnitude earthquake recorded
        
        Caused a tsunami and destroyed a nuclear power plant
        
        The month after the earthquake, there is a sharp decrease of international tourist
  - - - A loss of income or jobs
        
        Causes people to cut their spendings
        
        Decline in the demand for goods
    - - Regional recession
        
        Affects only a region or a group of countries
        
        2010
        
        Europe
        
        Greece was unable to repay its government debt
        
        Countries like Ireland, Portugal and Spain have sought to help in repaying their government debt
        
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      - Global recession
        
        Affect many countries around the world
        
        Some of the world's largest financial firms went bankrupt in 2007 and 2008
        
        Firms collapsed after losing a large amounts of their investments in the crash of the housing market in the USA
        
        Collapse of housing market triggered panic in most financial institutions around the world
  - - - Disrupt services and cause damage to infrastructure
        
        Tourists will postpone or cancel their travel plans
        
        Government authorities may also issue travel advisories
    - - January 2011
        
        Egypt
        
        Arab Spring uprising
        
        A decrease in international tourists
        
        Less time and money spent on average in Egypt
  - - - Cause a huge drop in in tourist arrivals
    - - May 2003
        
        Sars outbreak
- - - - Employment opportunities
        
        A need for locals to be employed in the tourism industry
        
        Improve the standard of living with a better source of income especially in developing countries
        
        Examples:
        
        Singapore
        
        When Universal Studios Singapore opened, many job opportunities were offered to the locals
        
        Allowed locals to have a chance in getting employed
      - Growth in income
        
        Locals hired in the tourism industry would be getting a larger source of income
        
        Especially if their services are in high demand
        
        Examples:
        
        Philippines
        
        Fisherman earned extra income by bring tourist to watch dolphins and whale sharks
        
        Paid US$80 and US$100 per boat
      - Development in infrastructure and facilities
        
        Government pumping money into the local public infrastructure
        
        Transportation, electricity supply, telecommunication and waste treatment
        
        Provide tourists a pleasant experience
        
        Examples:
        
        Beijing, China
        
        Railways built for the Olympics
        
        Materials sourced locally which benefit the country
    - - Seasonal unemployment
        
        Some tourism industries depend on certain seasons
        
        Winter: Ski resorts
        
        Summer: Coastal resorts
        
        Outside of those months, employees are not required at those locations
        
        Left jobless during those months
        
        Examples:
        
        Sapporo, Japan
        
        Ski resort-lay off workers during summer
      - Underuse of facilities
        
        After an event, the facilities are no longer or utilise to their potential
        
        Neglected as the number of tourists drop and the resources could be better used for public facilities to better serve the locals
        
        Examples:
        
        Beijing, China
        
        Beijing National Aquatics Centre has been underused after the Beijing Olympics
      - Shortage in services
        
        In some places, tourists make up a large amount of services like land, electricity and water
        
        Lead to a shortage in services such as water supplies
        
        Examples:
        
        Bali
        
        The tourism industry takes up to 65 % of the water consumption
        
        Water price increase for locals because tourists can afford higher prices
  - - - Advantage:
        
        Tourists may learn more about the local cultures, thus these places may be preserved and restored
        
        Cultural practices may be restored in the form of performances put up for tourists
        
        Example:
        
        Cambodia
        
        Angkor Wat is restored and maintained for the tourists
      - Disadvantages:
        
        Dilution of local customs and heritage
        
        Commercial activities that cater mainly to tourists can become a major commercial activities of an area
        
        Older buildings may be converted to host tourists activities
        
        To meet the demand of tourist, cultural festivals and religious rituals have to be deliberately put up or modified
        
        Examples:
        
        Thailand
        
        Tourists pay a large fee to enter the village of the Kayan Lahwi women
        
        Tourists treat the women like exhibitions
        
        Increased crime rate
        
        Tourists would carry valuable items which may be tempting for muggers
        
        Examples:
        
        Paris
        
        Louvre Museum pickpocketing
        
        Tourists become the main target for pickpocketing while locals are also targetted
  - - - Conservation of natural environments
        
        Revenue from entrance fees can be used to channel to conservation efforts
        
        Can protect and conserve the environments
      - Examples:
        
        Kenya
        
        Money earned from tourist can be used to preserve the animals
        
        A herd of elephants can generate US$600,000
    - - Vandalism
        
        People may not be fully respectful of the significance of the site
        
        Tourists deliberately damaging property belonging to other people
        
        Examples:
        
        China
        
        Bricks of the Great Wall of China are covered with graffiti
        
        Diminishes the value, heritage of the place
      - Littering and pollution
        
        Authorities sometimes fail to implement measures that would properly manage waste left behind by tourists
        
        The more people, the more waste is generated and left behind
        
        Produce a strain of waste management system leadinging to the degradation of the place
        
        Examples:
        
        Caribbean
        
        In cruise ships, people can dump plastic bottles, food packaging and old batteries overboard
      - Destruction to habitats
        
        Tourists visit a destination where they may destroy habitats and wildlife
        
        Careless tourist can trample on plants or collect flowers and keep it as sovenirs
        
        Examples:
        
        Egypt
        
        Red sea is developed into a major diving and snorkelling destination
        
        Tourist will destroy the coral habitats by plucking the coral
      - High carbon footprint
        
        The amount of greenhouse gas emissions that would be produced by activities that involve the use of fossil fuels
        
        Transportation emits a high amount of greenhouse gases
        
        Examples:
        
        Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to Singapore
        
        An economy class flight emits 30 kg of carbon dioxide per passenger
        
        With more tourists travelling, there will be a higher carbon footprint which will result in a greater amount of greenhouse gases emitted
      - Increased congestion
        
        Some attractions are expected to be crowded with tourists
        
        Such areas can be congested which causes vehicular and pedestrian traffic
        
        Causes air pollution
        
        Examples:
        
        Rome, Italy
        
        Older walkways and narrow streets are filled with tourists
        
        This adds to traffic the huge inflow of cars and buses can contribute to air pollution
  - - - Conservation of fragile environments
        
        A careful management and use of resources such that these resources would not be depleted
        
        Important for fragile environments, that are environments that are easily affected by change
        
        Australia
        
        The Great Barrier Reef is the world's longest complex of coral reefs and small islands
        
        Listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site since 1981.16 million tourists visit it each year
        
        Measures in managing the tensions
        
        Governments may set up agencies or organisations dedicated to manage such tensions
        
        Impose measures to help balance the needs of tourists against the needs of locals and of the environment
        
        Examples:
        
        Limiting the number of visitors at a site to minimise congestion and degradation
        
        Withholding permission to proceed with tourism-related projects that could harm the environment
        
        Employing staff to maintain and repair a site and prevent tourists from tampering with it
        
        Holding discussions with locals regarding their needs and concerns
        
        Restricting tourists from some areas where only locals could enter
      - Manage tourism
        
        Tension between locals and tourist
        
        Tensions can arise when the needs of tourist conflict with the needs of the locals
        
        Tourist would wear skimpy clothing on a sunny day but it would make many locals feel very uncomfortable as it go against their values
        
        Examples:
        
        Bali, Indonesia
        
        Infrastructure such as hotels can deplete the local's water supply
        
        Tourist sites such as Kuta are often congested, partly due to busloads of ever-increasing foreign tourists makes it difficult for locals to conduct their daily routines
        
        The locals expect locals to respect the local customs but they often fail to do so
        
        Locals in Bali object to public displays of affection, which some tourists may perceive as acceptable
        
        Tension between tourists and the environment
        
        Tension can arise when the needs of tourist conflict with the need to conserve the environment
        
        Some natural attractions depend on tourist income for their conservation but the tourist inflow may contribute to the damage of the attraction itself
        
        Examples:
        
        Machu Picchu, Peru
        
        Trails populated with rare indigenous plant and wildlife are slowly eroding by more than
        
        Tourist prefer reaching the site using helicopters for convenience
        
        Authorities banned helicopters from the site for fear that its noise disturbs the area's indigenous wildlife
        
        The sheer weight and combined footsteps of tourists visiting Machu Picchu every day slowly damage the land and artefacts on the site
      - Responsibilities of various groups
        
        Community based tourism
        
        Tourism that have been in close contact with, and mainly benefits, local communities
        
        Done in partnership with a government or non-governmental organisation(NGO)
        
        Examples:
        
        Central Java, Indonesia
        
        A successful community-based tourism can be found in Candirejo Village
        
        Advantages:
        
        Involved in the decision making
        
        Increase tourism related employment and business for locals
        
        Disadvantages:
        
        Difficulty in getting external funding
        
        Shortage of skilled labour
        
        Tourists
        
        Have the responsibility to respect both the environment and the local
        
        Examples:
        
        European comission
        
        Encouraged tourists to select their holiday destinations based on conservation efforts of the place
        
        Have to consider factors like amount of water used and the amount of waste recycled at these destinations
        
        Advantages:
        
        Fund conservation and preservation
        
        Provide income opportunities for locals
        
        Raise awareness to conserve and preserve attractions
        
        Disadvantages:
        
        Damage tourist
        
        Dilute local culture and customs
        
        When certain tourist's sites lose its true value as it mainly focuses on commercial activities to meet the needs of tourists
        
        Tour operator
        
        Associations that are increasingly concerned with conserving and protecting environments visited by tourists
        
        Fewer tourists are likely to visit a place if the unspoilt landscapes, rich biodiversity and unique cultures deteriorate
        
        Examples:
        
        Phuket Alternative Tours(PAT)
        
        Tour operators who want to operate under PAT are required to sign an Environmental and cultural Code of Practice, which commits members to operate under the guidelines
        
        Advantages:
        
        Provide feedback on tourist attractions to planning authorities or locals improve strategies to protect the environment
        
        Regulate tourists undesirable behaviour as they are in contact with tourists
        
        Disadvantage:
        
        Conflicting interests as they need profit
        
        So they may prioritise profits instead of the tourists environments
        
        Planning authorities
        
        Can influence the future quality of environments by determining how many visitors a site can cope with and allocating space for infrastructure
        
        Examples:
        
        Singapore
        
        Singapore Tourism Board(STB) ensures that while attracting large numbers of tourists and conserving national heritage
        
        Conserve ethnic districts of Singapore
        
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        Advantages:
        
        Develop and maintain infrastructure and attractions
        
        Draft laws and policies to protect the tourists site
        
        Disadvantages:
        
        Difficult to plan for unforeseen factors like disasters and pandemics
        
        May face opposition from other stakeholders
        
        Non-governmental organisations
        
        Non-profit organisations operating independently of government
        
        Concerned with tourism's impact on natural and human environment
        
        Examples:
        
        International Ecotourism Society(TIES)
        
        Consist of ecotourism professionals and travellers dedicated in promoting ecotourism
        
        Providing guidelines and standards, training, technical assistance, and educational resources
        
        Advantage:
        
        Supports tourism management efforts of various stakeholders
        
        Local communities and planning authorities
        
        To make tourism sustainable, on top of protecting tourist sites
        
        Disadvantages:
        
        Difficulty getting external funds
        
        Heavily rely on donations
        
        Does not have authority to make decisions
- - - - Influence the number of visitors and their length of stay, authorise landings and buildings to facilitates such as hotels
      - Directly involved in planning, funding and building infrastructure projects linked to tourism
        
        Airports, roads and ports
      - Agencies that promote tourism in these countries
        
        Marketing campaigns and promotional events
      - Ensure the safety and security of a country
        
        Enforce strict laws that come with fines and life sentences
    - - SIngapore
        
        Singapore Tourism Board (STB)
        
        A government agency that promotes Singapore as a tourist destination
        
        An industry, facilitating tourism-related businesses to invest in Singapore
        
        Hotels, resorts, cruises and airlines
        
        Development of new attractions
        
        Jewel Changi AIrport
        
        Provides new shopping opportunities for tourists
  - - - Television, radio, newspapers and the internet
    - - Positive reports
        
        Friendliness of the local population, interesting culture, good shopping opportunities and attractive scenery
        
        Encourages tourists to visit the country
      - Negative reports
        
        Violence, disease outbreaks and natural diasters
        
        Derer visitors both immediately and for many years to come
      - Tourists are more aware of destinations that they have previously not considered
        
        Visits to Antarctica, treks in the Himalayas Mountains, homestays with indigenous groups and long distance cruises are growing in popularity
    - - Offer opinions and reviews about destinations they travelled to
      - Evaluate destinations for their readers
        
        Climate, accommodation, transport and features to look out for
  - - - Reports produced by international organisations can encourage or discourage tourists in visiting a place
        
        Groups:
        
        OECD Tourism Committee
        
        Meets regularly to actively promote the sustainable growth of tourism
        
        Produce guidelines on measuring the social and economic impacts of tourism
        
        UNTWO
        
        Promotes tourism as a way of spurring economic growth and environmental sustainability
        
        Improve tourism knowledge and tourism policies worldwide
- - - - Depend on the amount of income available for saving and spending
        
        Growth in income has allowed people to spend more on goods, services or activities that improve their quality of life
      - Increasing globally because of rapid economic growth
      - Examples
        
        China
        
        Experienced rapid economic growth
        
        Increase in the number of middle and high income groups resulting in more disposable income
  - - - Paid leave
        
        The more income and paid leave, the more inclined they are to travel
    - - Australia
        
        Many employees can exchange paid overtime work for leave
        
        Increases the chances of taking longer weekend breaks
  - - - People find themselves spending long hours at the workplace beyond the official working hours
        
        Travelling has become a way for people to relax and take a break from their fast-paced lifestyle at work
    - - Allowed people to become more health conscious
        
        People lived longer and more physically fit to travel frequently
    - - Australia
        
        Group of retirees called grey nomads
        
        Spend more time travelling in mobile homes or vehicles with four wheel drive to explore remote parts of the country
- - - - Promoted and enhanced by the tourism industry to attract even more tourists
      - Governments, tourist authorities know the value of investing in attractions
  - - - Transport and communication networks. electrical frameworks and systems for water and waste disposal
    - - Less tourist would visit the place when the airport cannot manage the growth in air passenger traffic
    - - Airports
        
        Changi Airport Budget Terminal was closed down in September 2012 to make way for the construction of Terminal 4
        
        Terminal 4 raised the airport's total capacity to 82 million passengers per year, compared to only 73 million in 2013
      - Services
        
        Tourist sites require food outlets, entertainment and telecommunication links to other places in the world
        
        Telecommunication include free WIFI in most hotel rooms and lobbies
        
        Trained personnels: Hotel managers, restaurateurs, guides, travel agents, drivers, porters and cleaners
      - Hotels
        
        Between 2012 and 2016, 49 new hotels are added to its 189 operating ones
        
        Sufficient hotels must be built to receive the rising number of tourists
  - - - Tourists are more likely to visit a destination when travel-related information is easy to obtain
    - - Signs are found in many tourist destinations are displayed in different languages
        
        Provide security and comfort to visiors
        
        Assure tourists that there are people they can talk to
      - Local tour guides and travel agents are trained to answer tourist's questions
        
        Must know the knowledge of local geography, history and culture to enhance tourists experience
- - - - Better and affordable transport
        
        Great improvements on safety, shorter travelling time and lower travelling costs
        
        More affordable
        
        Commercial air travel has revolutionised global tourism due to ongoing technological developments in jet aircraft since the 1950s
        
        Examples:
        
        Singapore
        
        1950s
        
        Commercial aeroplanes fly short distances, had low capacity of passengers and fuel
        
        Present
        
        Commercial aeroplanes fly non-stop, have high capacity of passengers and fuel
        
        Budget airlines
        
        Air transport affordable
        
        Low fares, have rapidly expanded to multiple continents since the 1980s
        
        Cheaper than major commercial airlines
        
        Smaller and fuel-efficient aircrafts
        
        Reduced aircraft costs
        
        Effects:
        
        Enabled more people to travel internationally and more frequently
        
        Given travellers the opportunity to go on holidays farther away from home
        
        Enabled travellers to go to destinations not covered by major commercial airlines
      - Ease of access to information
        
        Developments in information technology have made information more readily available and accessible
        
        Available updated information
        
        Promote air travel and global tourism
        
        Examples:
        
        Online booking and research
        
        Enable travellers to buy their own tickets without going through travel agents
        
        Give tourists more options and control
        
        Give tourists better access to information at their destination
        
        Allow travellers to view feedback and recommendations from other travellers
        
        Enables travellers to do research to find out more about their destinations
        
        Surveillance, electronic checks and other safety controls and research
        
        Makes tourist feel safer and more confident about travelling