ACCULTURATION: The process through which someone becomes acquainted with another culture and tends to adopt its norms and practices.

ENCULTURATION: the procedure of absorbing or incorporating your culture's schemas

CULTURAL NORM: a system of norms based on socially or culturally held views about how a person should act in order to be accepted by that group

SURFACE CULTURE: What we easily and straightly notice as different when we come into contact with another group.

ENCULTURATION: Enculturation refers to the process of adopting or internalising your culture's schemas. it is an unconscious process

ACCULTURATION: The process through which someone becomes acquainted with another culture and tends to adopt its norms and practices.

DYNAMIC CULTURE: It evolves over time as a result of environmental and societal changes.

Etic techniques are commonly used in cross-cultural psychology, when behavior is compared between cultures.

Etic research is based on the concept of universal cultural qualities, which share fundamental perceptual, cognitive, and emotional structures.

Because the research employs standardized techniques and materials, it may be easily duplicated, boosting its trustworthiness.

Using the same questionnaires and tests boosts the study's validity.

There might be a worldwide application that would benefit many individuals.

Strangers doing the research may be viewed with distrust, and participants may be reluctant to reveal much to the researchers.

Each group consisted of individuals who had never received a Western education and continued to live the traditional way of life, as well as others who were "in transition" - either having Western education or working in the West.

They were given nine lines to work with. They were instructed to match the line on the bottom that most nearly matched the line on top.

When informed what other Temne believed, even if it was inaccurate, the Temne, which is the collectivistic culture, had a considerably greater percentage of adherence. The Inuits, on the other hand, were even less conformist than the Scots.

results: There was no substantial difference between groups, which suggests it made no difference whether the subjects lived a traditional life or were heavily exposed to Western society.

hofstede - ecological fallacy: When comparing two cultures, it should not be expected that two people from different cultures must be different, or that a single person of a culture would constantly exhibit the dimensions that are the norm of that culture.

PAY ATTENTION TO RESEARCHER'S BIAS - danger that their biases confirmations could be seen by the observations

this observation employed an emic technique to investigate how culture affects memory They were interested in seeing how schooling affected children's skills for memorizing word lists.

contrasted the development of memory among tribal people in rural Liberia to adolescents in the United States

aim: to investigate if culture has an influence on how one memorizes.

memory used: "Free" recall, which means that people can recall the items in whatever sequence they like.

results: After the age of 9 or 10, children who did not attend school exhibited no consistent improvement in memory skills.

school children were able to cluster their responses and use categorical similarities to help recall
non-school children didn't use the clustering method

another trial, involving a story, instead showed that The objects were easily remembered by the students, who chunked them according to their roles in the tale.

The conclusion is that individuals learn to recall in ways that are relevant to their daily lives, and they do not necessarily correspond to the activities used by cognitive psychologists to explore mental processes.

China, Germany, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States were researched to discover if there was a difference in the rate of flashbulb memories in collectivistic and individualistic cultures.

Participants were given five minutes to recollect as many memories of public events from their lives as they could.

Personal relevance and intensity of emotion had less of a role in forecasting flashbulb memories in a collectivistic society like China, compared to more individualistic cultures that place a larger priority on an individual's personal engagement and emotional experiences.

Babies do not inherit a "culture." Through interactions with gatekeepers, they get a grasp of the culture's values, language, and expectations. Through connection with their classmates, they also build a culture. It is a continuous process that strengthens your cultural identity.

VALUES ENCULTURATION - Social interactions, gender roles, time orientation, health and sickness views, and moral beliefs

DIRECT TUITION - our parents tell you what you are supposed to do

PARTICIPATORY LEARNING - children engage in an activity and then transfer that learning to later situations.

investigated the impact of Social Cognitive Learning Theory on the formation of cultural norms in Samoa

looked at line fishing behavior and mental knowledge of rank and hierarchy The researchers conducted a 25-month longitudinal study on 28 adolescents in a single Samoan community.

Samoan children are mostly left to their own devices to learn, with no adults seeking to inspire or arrange their learning.

Young guys spend a lot of time observing adult men fish, but little direct teaching is provided. They discovered that youngsters around the age of ten would steal an adult's fishing equipment and experiment on their own, with no adult supervision. Most adolescents could fish on their own by the age of 12.

There is no clear training about the system until high school, but adolescents witness and overhear their parents' talks about it.

The majority of the adolescents had a wide comprehension of their society's beliefs and traditions.