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media representations of gender - Coggle Diagram
media representations of gender
femininity
30% of media leaders and managers are female
women lag behind globally in terms of career progression and salary
symbolic annihilation
- the under representation of certain social groups in the media
Tuchman
= uses the term of symbolic annihilation to describe the way in which women are represented by the media - argue that women's achievements are often not reported
A02
experts consulted by media in fields of politics or economics are overwhelming men
Packer
= 2012, 4.5% of articles in national newspapers were related to women's sports
limited roles
Tunstall
= argues that the presentation of women in the media is biased because it mainly represents women as busy housewives, contented mothers, as eager consumers or as sex objects
men are portrayed as active and in positions of power - they are rarely sexualised in mass media
the Male Gaze =
Mulvey
argues that media give the spectator visual pleasure through fulfilling the desires of heterosexual male
Kilbourne
= media often present women as mannequins, tall and thin - this image is used to advertise cosmetics and anything to improve the appearance of women for the benefit of the male gaze
creating the potential of eating disorders by constantly exhorting females to be concerned with their weight
Bates
= argues that the music industry is guilty of sexually objectifying women in lyrics and videos - women learn that they are almost always required to show as much skin as possible while male artists remain fully clothed
A03
some female artists may choose to do this
Salinas
= journalists often pass negative comments on the way women dress, their weight and looks and their sexual and family lives
Wolf
= argues that the dominant media message aimed at women is that their bodies are a project in constant need of improvement -> reinforces patriarchal ideology
does new media empower women?
Gauntlett
= magazines now emphasis that women can do their own thing and can be tough and independant
having a positive impact on young girls
Plant
= the internet is a feminine technology that has the potential to destabilise patriarchy because it allows women to explore and create new identities
A03
women encounter a lot of sexism online and that women's participation in sites such as Mums-net, just reinforces old stereotypes
masculinity
Children Now
= boys' character perceptions of men show that media media representations of masculinity were that men are violent, leaders, funny and confident, successful, rarely cry
more than a 1/3 of the boys had never seen a man doing domestic chores on TV - traditional images of men continue to dominate mass media
McNamara
= media representations of men generally failed to portray the reality of masculinity - 80% of representations were negative
men were routinely shown as violent, murderers, sexual abusers, irresponsible dads, incapable of controlling anger
A03
20% of representations were positive and focused on men who were in touch with their feminine side - 'the metrosexual male' - through fatherhood especially
perspectives on gender representations
feminism
the medias' emphasis on females as domestic goddess and sex objects is problematic because it has a limiting effect on young girls' aspirations
liberal
media representations are slow to change, this 'cultural lag' is due to the fact that women rarely achieve high positions in media e.g. few female editors of British newspapers
Mills
= argues that the newsroom is a very male culture that is off putting to women
Lauzen
= in 2014 - women accounted for 27% of creators, editors and directors, 12% of protagonists, 29% of major characters.
marxist
roots of stereotypical images are economic, a by product of media conglomerates need to make a profit
media professionals aim to attract the largest audience, meaning television often reflect the social consensus that men and women should occupy traditional roles
women's magazines promote 'false needs' around beauty, encouraging women to invest in the beauty market
radical
media is a reflection of a patriarchal society
Wolf
= media deliberately dupe women into believing in the 'beauty myth' -> the idea that women should adhere to a particular standard
women are encouraged to see these goals are central to their personal happiness rather than competing with men for positions of power
post modernist
Gauntlet
= mass media today challenge traditional definitions of gender and actually encourage a diversity of masculine and feminine identities
due to successful 'girl power' icons
emphasis on men's emotions, which has challenged masculine ideals such as toughness
pluralist
symbolic annihilation underestimates women's ability to see through gender stereotyping and manipulation
feminists are guilty of stereotyping women as impressionable
theres no real evidence that women take any notice of media content, if women had a problem with representation then they wouldn't consume the content