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Kaylen Manriquez Period 5 - Coggle Diagram
Kaylen Manriquez
Period 5
compare and contrast the autonomic nervous system
role of sympathetic division
flight or fight system
mobolizes body during activity, exercise, excitement, emergency
increased heartrate, dry mouth, dilated pupils
-shunts blood to skeletal muscles and heart
-dilates bronchioler and causes liver to release glucose
role of parasympathetic
rest and digest system
keeps body energy use as low as possible even when carrying maintanence activities
regulates blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory levels
pupils are constricted and lenses are accommodated for close vision
neurotransmitters
functions:
actions: direct vs. indirect
direct action: neurotransmitter binds directly to and open ion channels
indirect action: neurotransmitter acts through intracellular second messengers
effects: excitatory vs. inhibitory
classification of neurotransmitter
acetycholine: released at neuromuscular junctions
bigenic amines
dopamine, NE and epinephine: move from the amino acid tyrosine
action potential and the nerve impulse
the nerve impulse
calium entry causes synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitter, fusion results in ecocytosis of nuerotransmitter into synaptic cleft
nuerotransmitter diffueses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific recpetors on the postsynaptic membrane
voltage gated calicum channels open and calcium enters axon terminal, calicum flows down electrochemical gradient to inside of axon terminal
binding at nuerotransmitter opens ion channels, creating graded potentials
neurotransmitter effects are terminated
AP arrives at axon terminal of presynaptic neuron
action potential
repolarization: sodium channels are inactivating and potassium channels open, action potential spike stops rising, returns to resting membrane potential.
hyperpolarization: potassiun channels remain open and sodium channels reset
depolarization: Sodium channels open, sodium ruches into cell, treshold 55-50mv
resting state: all gated sodium and potassium channels are closed
major divisions and subdivsions of the nervous system
Central nervous system (CNS)
sensory information, process information, and send out motor signals.
brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
sensory functions
motor functions
somatic nervous system: skeletal muscles and voluntary movements
autonomic nervous system: smooth and cardiac muscle and gland effectors
sympathatic: fight or flight system
parasympathetic: rest and digest system
Major parts and functions of spinal cord
There are three major functions of the spinal cord.
The Sensory Functions – monitors sensation of touch, pressure,
temperature and pain and provide feeedback for object recognition.
The Motor Functions - direct and comnand the body’s voluntary
muscle movements
Autonomic Functions –These are involuntary. they regulate
digestion, urination, body temperature, heart rate, and blood
preassure.
diseases and disorders
spinal cord injury
damage to spinal cord, direct injury, or disease, assault, fall, accident, symptoms: weakness, lost of bladder, bowel, paralysis, treatment: bed rest, spinal traction, physical therapy
meningitis
infection in meninges surrounding the brain, tumors, drug allergies, fungi or parasites, symptoms include nause and vomiting, sensitivity to light and stiff neck. treatment: bacterial, antibiotics and medication
alzheimers disease
form of dementia associated with age, hereditary, family history, age: over 60, symptoms: memory loss, confusion and disorientation, unfounded suspicions, treatment: uncurable, medication, stem cells
autism
brain disorder that makes it difficult to communicate, hereditary, family history, environmental, symptoms: anxiety, depression, delay in learning, treatment: medication, coping skills, anxiety management
multiple sclerosis
autoimmune disease that damages the myelin sheaths
cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
autoimmune disease that damages the myelin sheaths: is hereditary, family history, and environmental factors: symptoms: depression, dizziness, fatigue, and memory loss, muscle weakness::treatment is physical therapy or medication
parkinsons disease: degenration of dopamine releasing neurons of substantia
Classifications of neurons
structural: 3 types of grouped by number processes
bipolar: 2 processes (1axon, 1 dendrite) rare and found in retina and olfactory mucuosa
unipolar: one T like process (2 axon) pseudounipolar
multipolar: 3 or more processes (1axon other dendtrites) most common and major in CNS
functional: 3 types grouped by direction of nerve impulse travels relative to CNS
sensory: transmit impulses from sensory receptors toward CNS. Almost all of these are unipolar, located in ganglia in PNS
Motor: carry impulses from CNS to effectors; multipolar. most cell bodies are located in CNS(except some autonomic neurons
internuerons: shuttle signals through CNS pathways. association neurons. between motor and sensory neurons, most are entirely within CNS. 99% of the bodyś neurons are interneurons
major parts and functions of brain
Adult brains have 4 regions: Cerebral hemispheres,
Diencephalon, Brain stem and Cerebellum
The Diencephalon: Consists of three paired gray-matter
structures which are the thalamus, hypothalamus and the
epithalamus. All three enclose the third ventricle.
The thalamus's main function if to be the relay station for
incoming info to the cortex
The cortex is the executive suite of the brain and is the site of
conscious mind: awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor
initation, communication, memory storage and understanding. It
makes us 40% of mass of the brain. There are three types of
functional areas
Motor areas: controls voluntary movement. In the frontal lobe, it acts to control voluntary movement.
3 more items...
Sensory areas: conscious awareness of sensation. 8 main areas:
primary somatosensory cortex, somatosensory association
cortex, visual areas, auditory areas, vestibular cortex, olfactor
cortex, gustory cortex, and vesceral sensory area
Association areas: integrate diverse information
Epithalamus: most dorsal portion of diencephalon, forms roof of
3rd ventricle, contains pineal gland, extends from posterior
border and secretes melatonin that helps regulate sleep-wake
cycle
Hypothalamus: Located bellow the thalamus. Forms cap over
brain stem and forms inferolateral walls of third ventricle.
Contains many important nuclei such as mammilary bodies and
the infundibulum. The hypothalamus also controls the autonomic
nervous system and initiates physical responses to emotions.
The hypothalamus also regulated body temperature, regulated
hunger and satiety, regulates water balance and thirst, regulates
sleep wake cycle and controls endocrine system functions such
as secretions of anterior pituitary gland and production of
posterior pituitary hormones.
Mammilary bodies: paired anterior nuclei that act as olfactory
relay stations.
Infundibulum: stalk that connects to pituitary gland.
Brain stem: Has three regions: midbrain, pons and medulla
oblongata. Similar in structure to spinal cord but contains nuclei
embedded in white matter. Controls automatic behaviors
necessary for survival.
Midbrain: located between diencephalon and pons.
Midbrain nuclei scattered throughout white matter include:
Corpora quadrigemina: paired dorsal protrusions
Superior colliculi: visual reflex centers
Inferior colliculi: auditory relay centers
Substania nigria: functionally linked to basal nuclei; parkinson's
disease is degeneration of this area.
Cerebral aqueduct: channel running through midbrain that
connects 3rd and fourth ventricles.
Cerebral penduncles: 2 ventral buldes that contain pyramidal
motor tracts. Form pillars that hold up cerebrum
Pons: Located between midbrain and medulla oblongata. Fourth
ventricle separates pons from cerebellum. Some nuclei play role
in reticular formation and come help maintain normal rhythm of
breathing.
Medulla oblongata: Blends spinal cord at foramen magnum,
contains fourth ventricle, continuation of central spinal cord,
medulla and pons form ventral wall, contains choroid plexus:
capillary-rich membrane that forms cerebral spinal fluid
Functional groups of medulla oblongata
Cardiovascular center: adjusts force and rate of heart
contraction, vasomotor center adjusts blood vessel diameter for
blood pressure regulation
Respitory centers: generate respitory rhythm and control rate of
breathing.
Various other centers regulate: vomiting, hiccuping, swallowing,
coughing, sneezing
Cerebellum: 11% of brain mass. Located dorsal to pons and
medulla. Cerebellar hemispheres connected by wormlike vermis.
Contains thin cortex of gray matter w/ distinctive treelike pattern
of white matter called arbor vitae. Functions of cerebellum:
process information from the cortex, brain stem and sensory
receptors provide precise coordinated movements of skeletal
muscles. Also plays role in thinking, balance and emotion.
Functions in balance and coordination
Cerebral Hemispheres: Form superior part of the brain and
account for 83% of brain mass. The gyri are the ridges found in
the brain, the sulci are the shallow grooves and the fissures are
the deep grooves. The longitundial fissure separates the two
hemispheres. The transverse fissure is what seperates the
cerebellum and the cerebrum. There are four lobes with one
buried under other lobes.
Ventricles: fluid filled chambers that are continuous to one
another and to central canal of spinal cord. They are filled with
cerebrospinal fluid and are lined with neuroglial cells.
Location: The lateral ventricles are large, C-shaped chambers
that are located deep within each hemisphere. The third ventricle
lies in the doencephalon and is connected to the fourth ventricale
(located in hindbrain) via the cerebral aqueduct.
Lateralization: Division of labor between hemispheres,
hemispheres are not identical. 90% of humans are have their
left-side dominance which usually lead to right-handedness.
The left hemisphere controls language, math and logic
The right hemisphere is in charge of visual-spatial skills, intuition,
emotion, and artistic and musical skill
cranial nerves
Vlll. vestibulochlear: sense of balance, equilibrium and hearing
lX. glossopharyngeal: swallow and sense of taste
Vll. facial: reason for smiling
X. vagus: gag reflex
Vl. abducens: focusing the lenses of the eyes
V. trigeminal: sensory impulses from upper and lower teeth, controls the jaw, responsible for all facial expressions
lV. trochlear: moving the eyes
Xl. accessory: strength in shoulders and movement of head, side to side
lll. oculomotor: moving and raising eyelid
Xll. hypoglossal: movement of tongue, side to side
ll. optic: sense of sight
l. olfactory: sense of smell
reflex arc
The reflex arch is the neural pathway that controls a reflex.
The sensory neurons do not pass though the brain but rather
synapse in the spinal cord. The components of the reflex
arch are the 1. Receptor which is the site of stimulus action. 2.
Sensory neuron: which transmits afferent impulses to
CNS. 3. Integration center: either monosynaptic or
polysynaptic region w/in CNS. 4. Motor neuron: conducts
efferent impulses from integratyion center to effector organ. 5. Effector:
muscle fiber or gland cell that responds to
efferent impulses by contracting or secreting
Reflexes are functionally classified as:
Somatic reflexes: Activate skeletal muscle
Autonomic reflexes: Activate visceral muscles (smooth or
cardiac muscles or glands
Spinal nerves: there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
All are mixed nerves named for point of issue from
spinal cord. They supply all parts of body except
head and part of neck. Each spinal nerve is
connected to the spinal cord via two roots. Both
ventral and dorsal roots are branched medially as
rootlets are branched medially as rootlets that then
join laterally to form spinal nerve.
Ventral roots: Contain motor (efferent) fibers from ventral
horn motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles.
Dorsal roots: Contain sensory (afferent) fibers from sensory
neurons in dorsal root ganglia that conduct impulses from
peripheral receptors
Major functions of the nervous system
Reception of general sensory information (touch, pressure, temperature, pain, vibration)
Receiving and perceiving special sensations (taste, smell, vision, sounds)
Integration of sensory information from different parts of the body and processing them
response generation
sensory input: information gathered by sensory recpetors about internal and external changes
integration: processing and interpretation of sensory input
motor output: activation of effector organs muscles and glands produces a repsonse
spinal nerves
lumbar: 5
sacral: 5
cervical: 8
thoracic: 12
coccygeal: 1
There are 31 segments, defined by 31 pairs of nerves exiting the cord. These nerves are divided into 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal nerve. Dorsal and ventral roots enter and leave the vertebral column respectively through intervertebral foramen at the vertebral segments corresponding to the spinal segment.
connective tissue coverings
They surround the brain and the spinal cord with their main function being to protect the CNS. They cover and protect the CNS, protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses, contain cerebrospinal fluid and form divisions in the skull
arachnoid mater: muddle layer with weblike extensions seperated from dura mater with subdural space. the subarachnoid space contains CSF and largest blood vessels of brain
pia mater: most delicate connective tissue that clings tight to brain following each convolution. the Pia mater contains many tiny blood vessels that feed the brain
Dura mater: most external layer and strongest meninge, surrounds the entire cerebrum
tissues of neuron and neuroglia
neuroglia
microglial cells: migrate toward injured neurons, transport to phagocyte microorganisms and neuronal debris
ependymal cells: line centeral cavities of brain and spinal column
astrocytes: cling to neurons, synaptic endings and capillaries, support and brace neurons
ologodebdrocytes: processes wrap CNS nerve fibers, forming insulating myeln sheaths in thicker nerve fibers
neuron: structural units of nervous system, conducts impulses, and requires continuous supply of oxygen and glucose
ganglia: clusters of neuron cell bodies in PNS
nuclei: clusters of neuron cell bodies in CNS
drugs of abuse
Methamphetamine
mimics dopamine, taken into cell by dopamine transporters, forces dopamine molecules out, transporters work in reverse and dopamine into synapse cell, overstimulating the cell. feelings of intense pleasure and exhilartion, addictive because it works directly on brains reward pathway
Heroine
Release of inhibitory neurotransmitters are shut down, herione mimics natural opiates and binds to opiate receptors turning off opiate inhibition.
Feelings
of immediate sedation and well being.
Alcohol
makes GABA recpetors move inhibitory, binds to glutamede recpetors, preventing it to excite the cell. feelings of memory loss, decision making and impulse control
Ecstasy
mimic seratonin and taken up by seratonin transporters, easier to take up seratonin, alters transporter, works in reverse, transporting seratonin out of cell, overstimulating the cell. feelings of mood, sleep, perception, appetite, slightly addictive.
Cocaine
cocaine blocks the transporters, leaving dopmine trapped in the synaptic cleft, dopamine binds again and again to receptors overstimulating the cell
Marijuana
mimics anademide and binds to canabinoid recpetors, feelings of slowing down movement, relaxed and calm
LSD
LSD acts almost exclusively on seratonin neurons, LSD chemically resembles seratonin and elicits its effect by binding to seratonin receptors