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Nervous system Santo Celestino Period: 5 - Coggle Diagram
Nervous system
Santo Celestino
Period: 5
Major function of the nervous system
Controlling and communitcating
Types or overlapping functions:
Sensory input (the stumuli)
Intergration (to translate and give)
Motor output (the response) : Affects the effector organs (muscles and glands)
Major divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system (include all subdivisions of CNS
and PNS)
CNS
Central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord of dorsal (back body cavity)
INTERGRATION AND CONTROL CENTER
Interpretes sensory Input and dicatates motor output
Moves to the the body (recevier and interpreater)
Consist of four regions
Cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon
Brain stem, consisting of:
1,Midbrain
2.Pons
Medulla
Cerebellum
Basic pattern found in CNS: central cavity surrounded by gray matter, with white matter
external to gray matter
Brain stem has additional gray matter nuclei scattered within white matter
Cerebellum and Cerebum contain outer layer of gray
matter called the cortex
CNS axons
– Most CNS fibers never regenerate
PNS
Peripheral Neverous system
Consist of nerves extend from brain and spinal cord
-
SPINAL NEVERS
to and from spinal cord (Moves back and forth)
Motor
efferent
division
TRANSMITS IMPULSES
FROM
CNS TO EFFECTOR ORGANS (
Muscles and glands
)
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
(Involuntary)
CONSIST OF VISCERAL MOTOR NERVE FIBERS
SMOOTH MUSCLE -CARDIAC MUSCLE-GLANDS
SYMPATHETIC
PARASYMPATHETIC
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
(Voluntary)
Somatic motor nerves
CONDUCT IMPULES
FROM
CNS to
SKELETAL MUSCLE
Sensory
afferent
division
Somatic sensory fibers
: Convey impulses from skin, skeletal muscles and joint
Central nervous system
(brain and spinal cord)
Visceral Sensory fibers
convey impulses from visceral organs to CNS
neural structures outside brain and spinal cord that can be broken down
Part 1 – Sensory Receptors
Part 2 – Transmission Lines: Nerves and Their Structure and Repair
Part 3 – Motor Endings and Motor Activity
Part 4 – Reflex Activity
Repair
Motor endings and motor activity
Sensory Receptors
Sensory receptors: (stimuli)
Awareness of stimulus (sensation)
classify receptors: by type of stimulus, body location, and structural complexity
Classification by Stimulus Type
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Location
Exteroceptors:
Outside of body
Proprioceptors
stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective
tissue coverings of bones and muscles
Interceptors
Respond to stimuli arising in internal viscera and blood vessels
Sensory processing
– Sensation: the awareness of changes in the internal and external environment
– Perception: the conscious interpretation of those stimuli
Reflex activity
PNS axons can regenerate if damage is not severe
Tissues (structure & function of neurons and neuroglia)
NEUROGLIA SUPPORT CNS NEURONS
**
MICROGLIAL CELLS
SMALL, OVOID CELLS WITH THORNY PROCESSES THAT TOUCH AND MONITOR NEURONS
Description: Brancing to the neurons
Function:
MIGRATES TOWARD injured neurons
CAN BECOME BECOME PHAGOCYTIZE MICROORGANISMS AND NEURONAL DEBRIS
OLIGODENDROCYTES
BRANCHED CELLS
Processes wrap CNS nerve fiber, forming insulating
myelin sheaths
in the thicker nerve fibers
EPENDYMAL CELLS
SQUAMOUS TO COLUMMAR AND CAN BE CILIATED
Lines the central cavities of the brain and spinal column
From permeable barrier between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in cavities and tissue fluid bathing CNS cells
ASTROCYTES
MOST ABUNDANT / VERSATILE/
HIGHLY BRANCHED
Location:
NEURONS, SYNAPTIC ENDINGS AND CAPILLARIES**
DESCRIPTION : found clinging to capillary and neuron
Functions:
SUPPORT NEURONS
PLAY ROLE IN EXCHANGES BETWEEN CAPILLARIES AND NEURONS
GUIDE FOR MIGRATING OF YOUNG NEURONS
CONTROL CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT AROUND NEURONS
RESPONS TO NERVE IMPULSES AND NEURONTRANSMITTER
INFLUENCE NEURONAL FUNCTIONING
PARTICIPATE IN PROCCESSING INFORMATION IN THE BRAIN
NEUROGLIA OF PNS
SCHWANN CELLS
Surround all peripheral nerve fibers and form myelin sheaths in thicker nervous fibers
similar function oligodendrocytes
Vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fiber
SATELLITE CELLS
Surround neuron cell bodies in PNS
Function:
Support
Exchanges between capillaries
Guiding migration of young neurons
Control chemical environment around neurons
Respond to nerve impulses and neurontransmitters
Influences neuronal functioning
Prarticipate in information processing in brain
NEURONS
- STRUCTURAL UNITS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
Large, highly specialized cells that conduct impulses
SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS
-Longevity
Amitotic- cell divisons
High metabolic rate: requires continous supply of oxygen and glucose -
All have cell body and one or more processes
Neuron cell body = Perikaryon or soma
Biosynthetic center of neuron
Synthesized (processes) proteins, membranes, chemicals
Rough ER (chromatophilic substance or nissl bodies)
Description:
Nucleus + nucleolus + pigments = cell body
Cell body plasma membrane is part of receptive region that reveives input from other neurons
MOST neuron cell bodies are located in CNS
Nuclei: Clusters of neuron cell bodies in CNS
-Ganglia: Clusters of neurons cell bodies in PNS
Neurons:
Neurons works by transmitting info through eachother
The ends are called Synapeses- a neuron junction
Both neurons can be:
Postsynaptic nerve: Neuron transmitting elecrtrical ignal away from synapse (recieves info)
Presynaotic neuron:
Neuron conducting implueses toward synapse (sneds information)
Classification of neurons
NEUROGLIA
=
NERVOUS TISSUE HISTOLOGY
NEURONS (NERVE CELLS)
Small cells that surround and wrap delicate neurons
Neuron processes
Armlike processes that extend from
cell body
(origing of the the nerve or the heart )
PNS : Contains chiefly
neuron processes (the branches)
Bundles of neurons in the PNS
CNS: Contains both
neuron cell bodies and their processes
Neruon processes in the CNS
Two types of processes (actual name of branches)
Dendrities
(Receptive regions) =
moving twords the cell body
as a GRADED POTENTIALS (Short distance signals)
Motor Neurons
contains about
100s
of these short, tapering, diffusely branched processes
Contain dendritic spines- appendages
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Axon
(CONDUCTING REGION)
Made up of one extentive branch that is called (intitial segment of axon) or AXON HILLOCK
Signals/impulses
move away
from the cell body
Impulses-genetaing and conducting region is the
AXOLEMMA
to the Axon terminal
End of Axon are called
AXON TERMINALS
OR
TERMINAL BOUTONS
May be absent in some of neurons, as tall long as a meter
LONG AXON CALLED NERVE FIBERS
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NEUROGLIA (GLIAL CELLS)
TYPES OF NEURONS
Muiltypolar
THREE OR MORE PROCESSES (ONE AXON AND OTHER DENDRITES
COMMON
Found in CNS
Is
Internuerons
that conducts impulses within the CNS and intergrating sensory input or motor output
May be MOTOR NEURONS that conduct impuleses aling the efferent pathways from the CNS to an EFFECTORY
Muscles or gland
Two examples:
Purkinje cell of cerebellum
Pyramidal cell
Bipolar
Two processes (one axon and one dendrites)
RARE
SENSORY NEURONS
that are located in some special sense organs
Example:
Olfactory cell
Retinal Cell
Unipolor
Pseudo unipolar
BUILT LIKE A "T"
AKA
TWO
Axon
IS TYPICALLY SENSORY NEURONS THAT CONDUCT IMPULESES ALONG AFFERENT PATHWAYS TO CNS FROM INTERPRETATION
Example: Dorsal root ganglian cell
FOund in PNS
Most nerves are mixtures of afferent and efferent fibers and somatic and autonomic (visceral) fibers (BITS AND PIEACES OF EVERYTHING)
Classified by the direction they transmit impulses
Mixed nerves: contain both sensory and motor fibers
Impulses travel both to and from CNS
– Sensory (afferent) nerves: impulses only toward CNS
– Motor (efferent) nerves: impulses only away from CNS
Somatic afferent (sensory from muscle to brain)
– Somatic efferent (motor from brain to muscle)
– Visceral afferent (sensory from organs to brain)
– Visceral efferent (motor from brain to organs)
Connective Tissue Coverings
Arachoid Mater in between layer
Subarachnoid space contains CSF and largest blood vessels of brain
Pia Mater the last layer
clings tightly to brain, following every convolution
Dura mater outer layer : Strongest meninx
Epineurium: tough fibrous sheath around all fascicles to form the nerve
Perineurium: coarse connective tissue that bundles fibers into fascicles
Endoneurium: loose connective tissue that encloses axons and their myelin sheaths (Schwann cells)
Major parts and functions of the brain
Limbic system
LARGE PART OF EMOTIONAL OR AFFECTIVE BRAIN AND INTERACTS WITH PREFRONTAL LOBES
Structures on medial aspects of cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon
Fornix: fiber tract that links limbic system regions
is made up of parts of diencephalon and some cerebral structures that encases brain stem
Puts EMOTIONAL RESPONSES TO ORDERS
OUTPUTS RELAYED VIA HYPOTHALAMUS
Pay role in psychosomatic illness
AWARENESS
Hippocampus and amygdaloid body also play a role in memory
PARTS
Septum pellucidum
Corpus callosum
Olfactory blub
Diencephalic structures of limbic system
Anterior thalamix nuclei ( flanking 3rd ventricle)
Hypothalamus
Mammillary body
Fiber tracts connecting limbic system structures:
Anterior commissure
Fornix
Cerebral Structures of the limbic system
amygdaloid
Septal nuclei
Cingulate gryus
Dentate gryus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Reticular formation
RETICULAR FORMATION HELPS CONTROL COARSE LIMB MOVEMENTS
Extends through central core of brain stem
axonal connections with hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and spinal cord
Governs brain arousal
centers regulate visceral motor functions
– Vasomotor centers
– Cardiac center
– Respiratory centers
PARTS
sensory axons synapse on recticular activating system RAS neurons in the brain stem
Visual impulses
Auditory implueses
Asensinf general sensor tract (touch pain temperature)
RAS neurons relay sensory stimuli to the
cerebrum through the thalamus
3.The continuous stream of sensory stimuli keeps the cerebrum aroused and aler
Major Brain Region
Brain Stem
Reticular formation
Maintain cerebral cortical alertness reticular activating system
filters out repetive stimuli
Helps rehulate sketetal and visearl muscle activity
Medulla Oblongata:
Relays ascending sensory pathway impules from skin and proprioceptors through nuclei cuneatus and gracillis
Containts viseral nuclei controlling heart rate, blood vessel diameter, respiratory rate , vomiting, coughing
Contains projection fibers
Site of decision of pyramids
Pons:
Relays information from the cerebrum to the cerebellum
Cooperates with the meduulart repiratory centers to control respiratory rate and depth
Contains nuclei of cranial nerves V-Vll
CONTAINS PROJECTION FIBERS :
Midbrain:
Contains visual
superior colliculi
Auditory (Inferior colliculi)
Contains nuclei for cranial nerves lll and lV
Contains projection fibers (eg, fibers of pyramidal tracts)
Cerebral Hemispheres
Hypothalamus
Chief of intergration center of autonomic involutary nervous system
Regulates body temprature, food intake, water balance, thirst and biological rhythms and drives (sex)
Mammillary bodies: paired anterior nuclei that act as olfactory relay stations
• Infundibulum: stalk that connects to pituitary gland
Limbic system:
MEDIATES EMOTIONSAL RESPONSE AND MEMMORY PROCESSING
Thalamus
Relays sensory impules to cerebral cortext (gray matter) for Interpratation
Basal nuclei (Ganglia)
Subcortical motor centers
Help control skeletal muscle movements
Cortical gray matter:
-Localizes and interprests sensory inputs
-Controls voluntary and skilled skeletal muscle activity
-Functions in intellectual and emotional processing
Cortical gray matter:
FUNCTIONS IN INTELLECTUAL AND EMOTIONAL PROCESSING AND VOLUTARY SKELETAL MUSCLE MOVEMENTS
Cerebellum
PROCESSES INFORMATION FROM CEREBRAL MOTOR CORTEX, PROPRIOCEPTORS AND VISUAL AND EQUILIBRIUM PATHWAYS
Higher Mental Functions
Memory
Memory: storage and retrieval of information
Short-term memory (STM, or working memory): temporary holding of information
Long-term memory (LTM) has limitless capacity
Language:
implementation system involves association cortex of left hemisphere
Broca’s area: involved in speech production
Wernicke’s area: involved in understanding spoken and written words
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) a liquid cushion around brain
Function: Gives buoyancy
Protects CNS from blows and other trauma
Nourishes brain and carries chemical signals
Made out of watery solution from blood plasma,
less protein
different ion concentrations from plasma
Choroid plexus:
cluster of capillaries that hangs from roof of each ventricle, enclosed
by pia mater and surrounding layer of ependymal cells, makes CSF
Blood Brain Barrier
maintain stable environment for brain
blood must first past through continuous endothelium of capillary walls
before gaining entry into neurons
move through endothelial cells via:
– Simple diffusion – allows lipid-soluble substances, as well as blood gases to passfreely through cell membrane
– Specific transport mechanisms – facilitated diffusion moves substancesimportant to the brain such as glucose, amino acids and specific ion
Major parts and functions of the spinal cord AND SPINAL NERVES
Spinal cord is located in the SPINAL CORD- inclosed by the vertebral column
END AT
L1 or L2
PROTECTED BY BONE MENINGES AND CSF
FIlum Terminal extends to coccyx - Fibrous extensions of concus covered with pia mater and anchors spinal cord
Denticulated ligamentss
Extensions of pia mater that secure to dura mater
Cervial and Lumbar enlagrement: areas where nerves serving upper and lower limbs arise from spinal cord
Epidural space- cushion of fat and network of viens in space between vertebrae and spinal dura matter
CSF fills subarachnoid space space between arachnoid and pia maters
(epidural space) (dura mater)/ Arachnoid and pia mater/ CSF
SPINAL CORD TERMINATES IN CONE-SHAPED STRUCTURE CALLED CONUS MEDULLARIS
Spinal Nerves
PART OF THE PNS
attach to spinal cord by 31 paried roots
Each spinal cord segment is designated by paried spinal nerves arise from it
Cauda equina- Collection of nerve roots at inferior end of vertebral canal
Nerves of the Spinal Nerves
Spinal Nerve T1 to T 12
Thoraic from the end of Cranial (Thoratic aread until pelvic)
SPINAL NERVE
L1 to L5** LUMBER (Lets anterior)
Spinal nerve from
C1 and C7
(cranial) starting from the top of the spinal cord- Control neck and shoulders)
Spinal nerve
S1 to S5
the serctem** (Posterior legs and genitilia)
in cnculsion every verterbra has two beres branching
Functions:
Provioses a two-way communication (back and forth)
PART OF THE MAJOR REFLEX CENTER: initiated and completed
The H:
Spinal cord ( A sinple reflex ARC)
Stimiulus enters
l
Receptor (taken in by the superior Dorsal horn)
l
Senory Neuron ( take in by the spinal cords Ventral horn and the nerves)
l
Intergration center( taked in by the Ventral Horn)
l
Motor Neuron (takeing out by the Nerves again )
l
Effector ( action taken by the Lateral horn )
Interior structure
Ventral (anterior) median fissure and Dorsal (posteiror) median sulcus are the types of INDENTS
GRAY MATTER IS LOCATED IN CORE AND WHITE MATTER OUTSIDE
White colums
Dorsal funiculus ( top of cord)
Ventral Funiculus (bottom of the gray matter)
Lateral Funiculus ( Middle of the gray matter)
CENTRAL CANAL runs length of cord - Filled with CSF
Ventral roots- bundle of motor neuron axon that exit the spinal cord
Dorsal roots: sensory input of cord
Dorsal root (spinal) ganglia: cell bodies of sensory neurons
Spinal Nerves: Formed by fusion of dorsal and ventttral roots
Gray matter is divided into four groups based on of somatic or visceral innervation
Sonmatic sensory SS
Viscearl Sensory (VS)
Viscearl Autonomic motor (VM)
Somatic motor (SM)
White matter
Myelinated and nonmyelinated nerve fibers allow communication between part of spinal cord and spinal cord brain
*RUNS IN THREE DIRECTIONS
ASCENDING, DESCENDING TRANSVERSE
WHITE MATTER IS DIVIDED itno three white columms (funiculi) on each side
Dorsal (posterior)
Lateral
Ventral (anterior)
SPINAL CORD IS COMPOSED OF SIMILLAR AXONS WITH DESTINATIONS AND FUNCTIOONS
Neuronal Pathways:
Majpor spinal tract are part of muilnueron pathways:
FOUR KEY POINTS ABOUT TRACTS AND PATHWAYS
Decussation: most pathway cross from one side of CNS to other at some point
-Relay: Consists of chain of two or three neurons
-Somatotopy: precise spatial relationship in CNS correspond to spatial relationship
Symmetry: Pathways are paried Symmetrically (right and left)
Action potential & the Nerve Impulse
The H plays a role
Sensory Input: to recognize information or stimuli
Intergration the middle of the H
Motor output to react to the stimuli
Resting Memebrane Potential( is the difference in electrical potential between the inside and outside of the cell membrane of neurons at rest-BING)
Resting Neuron Approximately -70mV
Cytoplasmic dside of memebrane is
negatively charged relative to the outside
**ACTUAL VOLTAGE DIFFERENCE VARIES FROM -40 MV TO -90 MV
Said to move in one direction (polarized)
Potential generated by differences in the ionic composition (charge) . . . and differences in plasma membrane permeability
THE DIFFERENCES IN THE PLASMA MEMEBRANE PERMEABILITY:
the more potassium diffuses out than sodium diffuses in
(AFFECT) as in a result the inside of the cell is more negative and establishes resting memebrane
SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP (NA+/K+ ATPase)
Stablilizes resting membrane potential
Maintains concentration gradients for NA AND K . . . 3 Na are pumped out of the cell while 2 K are pumped back in
IN OTHER WORDS SODIUM AND POTASSUM COLDS DOWN THE BODY
Action potinetals nerve impluses
Involvong opening of specific voltage-gated channels
Four steps
RESTING STATE: all gated na and k channels are closed
(only leakage channeles NA K are open - inorder to main tain resting potential
Depolarization: NA channels open : depolzing local currents open-gated NA channeles and Na rushes into cell
NA
influx
causes more depolarixation which opens NA channels
threshold, postive feedback causes opening of all NA channels
tends to resuly in large action potential spike and membrane polartiy humps to 30 MV
REPOLARIZATION: NA channels are inactiving and K channels open
an channel inactivation gates close
Memebrane permeability to NA declines to resting state, ap stops rising
voltage-gated K channels open
exists cell by eletrochimeal gradient
REPOLARIZATION: memembrane returns to resting memebrne potential
HYPERPOLARIZATION: Some K channels remain ipen and NA channels rest
Some K channels remain open and are allowed to excessive K effluz - inside of membrane become a negative than in resting state
causes HYPOPOLARIXATION
Na channels begen to reset
Nerve impuleses
Refactory period
: time in which neuron cannot trigger another AP
Conductibity velocity:
APS occur in axon and not other cells areas
AP conduction velocitires axon vary widely
CONTINOUS CONDUCTION: Slow conduction that occurs in nonmyelinated axon
SALTATORY CONDUCTION: occurs only in myelinated axon and is about 30 times faster
Myelin sheaths insuloate and prevent leakage of charge
Voltahe generated inly at gaps
Electrical signal appears to jump rapidly from gap to gap
Cranial nerves
Oh(
Olfactory nerves- Can smell
(I)) once (
Optic nerves- vision
(II)) one(
Oculomotor nerves-Function in raising eyelid, directing eyeball, constricting iris
(III)) takes (Trochlear nerves- Primarily motor nerve that directs eyeball (IV)) the (Trigeminal nerves-
Opthalmic division (Blinking)(V))
Maxillary division
(touch) and
Mandibular division** (Mouth movement) anatomy (Abducens nerves- mosves lateral rectus muscles(VI)) final (Facial(Taste)(VII)), very (Vestibulocochlear nerves- to hear VIII)) good (Glossopharyngeal (IX)Taste, and general sensory impulses pharynx and posterior tongue) vacations (Vagus- move neck(X)) are (Accessory nerves- move neck(XI)) heavenly (Hypoglossal nerves- for swelling and speech(XII)”
Neurotransmitters
Can be divided into
Effects: Excitatory versus inhibitory
Neurontransmitter effect can be excitable (depolarizing) and/or inhintory (hyperpolarizing)
Effect determined by receptor to which it binds
Actions: direct versus indirect:
Direct actio: neruontransmitter binds directly yo and opens ion channels
Indirect action: acts trhough intracelluar second messengers
classified as:
function
chemcial structure
Acetylcholibe (ACh)
REALSE: neuronmuscular junctions
Synthesized from acetic acid and choline by enzyme choline acetyktransferase
Degraded by enzyme acetylcholinesterse (AChE)
Biogenic amines:
Indolamines:
Serotonin: made from amino acid tryptophan
Histamine: Made from the amino acid histidine
Emotional role
Catechoamies:
Dopamine, norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine: made fro, amino acid tyrosine
Amino acids: Amino avids make up proteins, hard to distinguish but are transmiteres when needed
Peptides (neuropeptides)
A string of amino acid that have diverse functions
Endorphins -reduce pain perception
Purines - nonomers of nucleic acid that have an affect in both CNS and PNS
Endocannabinoids
Act at same receptors as THC aka weed
Gases and Lipids
CHEMICALS THAT INFORM AND DIRECTS THE GATES AND TAKES EFFECTS ON EFFECTORS
Compare & contrast the autonomic nervous system
Parasympathetic and Sympathic undue each other.
Parasympathetic
To calm the nervous system
CONSERVES ENERGY
*REGENATES AND MAINTAIN
DUAL INNERVATION: All visceral organs are served by both diviosions but cause opposite affect
Sympathetic
*To arise the system - flight or fight
Consistis of smooth muscles carida and glands
Adjust to optimal support for body activites
Via sub conscious contral (**INVILUNTARY AND GENERAL VISCEARL MOTOR SYSTEM)
Somatic nervous system
Effector- Innervates skeletal muscles
ANS Innervates carduax muscle, smooth, and glands
Efferent pathways and ganglia
SNS: Cell body is in CNS and a single thickj myelinated group a azxon extends in spinal or cranial nerves directly to skeletal
Somatic nervous system
– All somatic motor neurons release acetylcholine (ACh)
ANS: PATHWAYS USES A TWO NEURON CHAIN
Preganglionic neuron : Cell body in CNS with thin lightly myelinated and extending to ganglion
(Preganglionic fiber release ACH
Postganglionic neuron
Cell body synapses with preganglionic axon in Autonomic Ganglion with nonmyelinated postganglionic axon that extends to effector organ
norepinephrine or ACH at effector
Disorders/Diseases
Chemical imblanances causes mental problems
Spinal Cord trauma and dieasese
Paresthesias: caused by damage to dorsal roots or sensory tracts
Spinal shock: transient period of functional loss caudal to lesion
Paralysis: caused by damage to ventral roots or ventral horn cells . . . two types
flaccid or spastic
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): Lou Gehrig’s disease
destruction of ventral horn motor neurons and fibers of pyramidal tract
Cerebral palsy: Neuromuscluar disability poorly controlled or paealyzed voluntary muscles
Anecephaly: cerebrum and part of brain stem never develop because neural fold fails to fuse - most are vegetative
Spina Bifida: Incpmplete formation of verebral arches and involves the region
Less serious of
Spina Bifida occulate
invoves only one or few missing verebrase and not many problems occur.
A more severe situation is if meninges protrude through dorsal spine
Form a saclike cyst called a meningocele
HOWEVER, if spinal cord and nerve roots protude inside sac, its called
myelomeningocele
Larger cysts causes neurological impairment
IS EVEN MORE DANGEROUS CHILDREN CAUSES PARALYSIS AND BOWEL AND BLADDER
• Phantom limb pain: pain felt in limb that has been amputated
Brain
Epileptic seizure: torrent of electrical discharges by groups of neurons (no message gets through)
Meningitis: inflammation of the meninges
Hydrocephalus: obstruction blocks CSF circulation or drainage, resulting in increased pressure
Concussion: temporary alteration in function
– Contusion: permanent damage
– Subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage: pressure from blood may force brain stem through foramen magnum, resulting in death
– Cerebral edema: swelling of brain associated with traumatic head injury
Cerebrovascular Accidents (CVAs)
Hemiplegia (paralysis on one side) or sensory and speech deficits may result
Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs): temporary episodes of reversible cerebral ischemia
Ischemia: tissue deprived of blood supply, leading to death of brain tissue
Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) is only approved treatment for stroke
Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
– Progressive degenerative disease of brain that results in dementia
parkinson’s disease
– Degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons of substantia nigra
Huntington’s disease
– Fatal hereditary disorder caused by accumulation of protein huntingtin in brain
Drugs of abuse (Mouse Party)
All drugs or the majorty of drugs are sedatives that mimic natural chemicals in the brain
ecstasy, seration molicules, mimics feel good chemicals and changes mood
Marijuana affect dopaminin, and clams
Heroine- inhibts synapse affects the feeel good chemicals and blocks pain
Methamphetamine, affects dapamine trans porters, and causes pleasure
Alchol, affects GaBa and glutamate and afects memmory
Cocaine affects dophine and blocks transporters, person becomes restless
LSD serotonin neurons affects sleep and emotions
