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Natalie Valdivia Period: 3 Nervous System - Coggle Diagram
Natalie Valdivia
Period: 3
Nervous System
Major Functions of the Nervous System
Sensory function
Provided by sensory receptors, which detect internal or external
changes
information travels from receptors to sensory neurons, which
transport information into the CNS
Integrative function
Coordination of sensory information in the CNS
Processing of this information is the basis for decision-making
Motor function
Nerve impulses (CNS) are conducted along motor neurons to
effectors.
Effectors are muscles or glands that respond to decisions made in the
CNS
Classification of neurons
Bipolar neurons
have 2 processes extending from the cell body, a dendrite and an axon; found in some of the special senses, such as
the eyes, nose, and ears
Unipolar neurons
have only 1 process extending from the cell body; outside the cell body, it soon splits into 2 parts that function as 1
axon;the peripheral process has dendrites near a peripheral body
part,and the central process runs into the CNS; the cell bodies are
found in ganglia outside the CNS; these are sensory neurons
Multipolar neurons
have many dendrites and one axon arising from their cell bodies; most neurons with cell bodies in CNS (interneurons
and motor neurons) are multipolar
Drugs of abuse (mouse party)
Marijuana
interferes with inhibitory and dopamine
affects users by slow down movement, makes you feel relaxed and calm, and THC produces a perpetual natural high
Methamphetamine
interferes with dopamine
users will fell intense pleasure and exhilaration
Cocaine
interferes with dopamine
Affects loss of control over voluntary movements and fidgety/ unable to sit still
Alcohol
interferes with GABA inhibitory and Glutamate
Affects memory formation, decision making, and impulse control
LSD
interferes with serotonin
Affects wakefulness and startle response to unexpected stimulus
Ecstasy
interferes with serotonin
affects mood, sleep, perception, and appetite
Heroine
interferes with inhibitory and dopamine
affects users through immediate feeling of sedation and the well-being and is also a pain killer
Spinal nerves
Major parts and functions of the spinal cord
Lumbar enlargement
• A thickened region near the bottom of the spinal cord.
• Gives rise to nerves that serve the lower limbs.
Cauda equina (horse’s tail)
• Structure formed where spinal cord tapers to a point inferiorly.
• Consists of spinal nerves in the lumbar & sacral areas.
Cervical enlargement
• A thickened area near top of spinal cord.
• Provides nerves to upper limbs.
Major functions
transmit impulses to and from the brain, and to house spinal
reflexes
Spinal cord
Begins at the base of the brain
descending tracts
carry
motor information from brain to muscles or glands
Ascending tracts
carry sensory information to the brain
Compare and contrast the autonomic nervous system
Reflex arc
Interneuron
Function is to carry information from sensory
neuron to motor neuron
Motor neuron
Function is to carry instructions from brain or
spinal cord out to effector
Sensory
neuron
Function is to carry information from receptor
into brain or spinal cord
Effector
Function is to respond to stimulation (or inhibition) by motor neuron and produces reflex or behavioral
action
Receptor
Function is to senses specific type of internal or
external change
Disorders/ Diseases
Alzheimer's Disease
is a form of dementia associated with age
the cause is family history, high insulin levels, or past head trauma
Spinal Cord Injury
is a damage to the spinal cord
the causes are direct injury it disease, assault, fall, accident, or fluid build-up around the spinal cord
Autism
is a brain disorder that makes it difficult to communicate
the cause is family history, past medical issues, or the cause is not well understood
Meningitis
is an infection in the meninges surrounding the brain
the causes are bacteria or viral infection, chemical irritation, or fungi/ parasites
Multiple Sclerosis
is an autoimmune disease that damages the myelin sheath
the causes are nerve damage caused by inflammation, family history, or the cause is not well understood
Cerebrovascular Accident (stroke)
occurs when blood flows to a portion of the brain is halted
the cause is blood vessel burst, high cholesterol, or diabetes
Connective tissue coverings
Major parts and functions of the brain
Diencephalon
: processes sensory input and controls many homeostatic
processes
Its function includes:
• Surrounds the third ventricle
•lies between the cerebral hemispheres and above the
midbrain
Cerebellum
: coordinates muscular activity.
Cerebrum
: largest portion; associated with higher mental functions, and
sensory & motor functions
Its function include:
• Interpretation of sensory input
• Initiating voluntary muscular movements
• Stores information for memory
• Integrates information for reasoning
• Intelligence
• Personality
Brainstem
: coordinates and regulates visceral activities, and connects
different parts of the nervous system
The brainstem consists of:
midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
Tissues
Major divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system
Cranial nerves
Neurotransmitters
Action potential and the nerve impulse