Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
NOUN CLAUSES, Reported Speech - Coggle Diagram
NOUN CLAUSES
TYPES OF NOUN CLAUSES
: :that-clauses
She believed (that) everything would be fine. => That SHE BELIEVED everything would be fine
wh-clauses
** wh-clauses + S V ( what we can)**
Ex: What can we do to solve the problem? ==> The question is what we can do anything to solve the
problem.
Yes/ No question => if/ whether
Ex: What can we do to solve the problem? => The question is what we can do to solve the problem.
if_ informal
is the
o
bject of the verb.
*I don’t know if I can do anything to help.
whether _ formal situations and other positions
choices or alternatives
*It is debatable whether it’s necessary to tell her all about this.
as subject
*Whether we will pass this course remains to be seen.
After BE
*The question is whether we should risk everything again this
time.
After a preposition
We need to discriminate between whether she really needs the
money or is just being greedy.
*After a noun
The question whether to wait another year will be discussed
today.
Before a to-Infinitive
I can’t decide whether to go or not.
Before OR NOT
We have to decide whether or not we are going.
POSITON OF NOUN CLAUSES
after PREPOSITIONS
We had a talk about who should be invited.
In different structures
as Subject:
IT be adj
that Noun clause ( have the same tense with main clause)
Ex
It wasn’t possible
that he could be mistaken
( S as S in Noun Clause
.
after Noun Ex:
The rumor is that the professor had bên kidnapped =>
I heard the
rumor
that the professor had been
kidnapped.
=> without changing meaning
as Object
I’m disappointed (ME)
that I didn’t get the job.
( O as S in Noun Clause _ without changing meaning
S + V That.........
agree ask assume believe
consider feel find know
mean point out realize say
see show suggest suppose
suspect think understand wonder
S + V to O THAT...........
advise ask assure bet
convince inform notify persuade
promise reassure remind show
teach tell warn write
S + V+ O ..........
admit announce complain declare
explain indicate mention point out
propose recommend remark report
say suggest write
DEFINITION
A dependent clause which functions as a noun or
noun phrase (subject, object, or complement)
EX: I didn’t know how
she got there all by herself.
SEQUENCE OF TENSES
verb tense in the MAIN clause determines
verb tense in the DEPENDENT noun clause
EXCEP
T
the verb tense in the Dependent Noun clause will be divided by SIMPLE PRESENT if this clause memtionate about
the fact
something always true
EX;
The president AGREES that solar power IS the
answer to the energy crisis.
The president AGREED that solar power WAS the
answer to the energy crisis.
NOTE : He TOLD me that he truly LOVES her.( the fact he loves her)
Reported Speech
Types
Reported statements
NOTE: Punctuations in Direct Speech
ending with comman
S + V
EX: “I’ll be off next week,” she said.
Usually introduced by SAY or TELL
THAT is optional ( ommit that in informal situations)
Changing Personal pronouns and possessive adjectives according to context
Adverbials (of place and time) changed
Verb forms changed
Adverbials of time
tonight, today, this
week/month/year
that night, that day, that
week/month/year
yesterday, last night/
week/month/year
the day before,
yesterday, last night/
week/month/year
the day before,
.....................
the day before,
-These => those
Here => there
Come => go
bring - take
Verb forms
Past Perfect and Past Perfect Progressive: no
change
Past Simple: changed to Past Perfect or
remaining the same
Verb forms in time clauses remaining the same
Ex: “She came to my house while I was doing laundry,” he said.
==> He said (that) she had come / came to his house while he was doing laundry.
If the reported sentence is out of date, the verb form
changes.
If the reported sentence is up to date, the verb form doesn’t change.
“Rose called this morning,” said Peter. (last Sunday) ==> Peter said (that) Rose had called that morning. (7p.m. today)
“Rose called this morning,” said Peter. (5 p.m. today)
==> He said (that) she called this morning. (7 p.m. today)
Not Changing When ...
Reporting verb is in present or future
• The speaker expresses general truths,
permanent states or conditions
• The reported sentence deals with conditionals
type 2 and 3, wishes or unreal past
• The speaker is reporting something right after
it is said (up to date)
• If the speaker reports something which is
believed to be untrue, the verb forms change.
Reported questions
• Wh-questions: ask + wh-word
“Where did you have lunch?”
=> I asked Elaine where she’d had lunch. (NOT where had
Yes/No questions: ask + if/whether
“Can we take photos?”
=> Anna wondered if we could take photos. (NOT if could
Reported commands/requests/suggestions
Used with infinitives or -Ings
“Watch out,” he said to me. ➔ He told me to
watch out.
“Let’s play chess,” he said. ➔ He suggested
playing chess.
Modals change
can => could
• may => might
• must => had to-Inf, was/were to-Inf
• mustn’t => mustn’t, was/were not to-Inf,
shouldn’t
• must have p.p. => must have p.p.
• needn’t => had to-Inf, didn’t have to-Inf, wouldn’t
have to-Inf
• will => would
DEFINITION
used to report what a speaker actually SAID
• Words changed
No quotation marks