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Cellular Respiration and Fermentation - Coggle Diagram
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
Glycolysis
Stage 1 of cellular respiration
with or without oxygen
Energy investment
2 ATP hydrolyzed to create fructose-1,6 bisphosphate
Cleavage
6 carbon molecules broken into two 3 carbon molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
Energy liberation
two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate molecules broken down into two pyruvate molecules
produce 2 NADH and 4 ATP
NET YIELD= 2 ATP
Regulation
availability of substrate glucose
feedback inhibition via ATP
Breakdown of Pyruvate
stage 2 of cellular respiration
in eukaryotes, pyruvate is transported into the mitochondrial matrix
broken down by pyruvate dehydrogenase
CO2 is removed from each pyruvate
Acetyl group attached to CoA to make acetyl CoA
YIELD= 1 NADH for each pyruvate
Citric Acid Cycle
Stage 3 of cellular respiration
Some molecules enters while others leave
the organic molecules regenerated in each cycle
Acetyl is removed from acetyl CoA and attached to oxaloacetate to form citrate then the oxaloacetate is regenerated to start the cycle again
YIELD= 1 ATP + 3 NADH + 1 FADH2
Regulation
substrate availability ( Acetyl CoA, NAD+)
Feedback inhibition via ATP and NADH
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Stage 4 of cellular respiration
requires oxygen
high energy electrons removed from NADH and FADH2 to make ATP
phosphorylation occurs by ATP synthase
Connections Among Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat Metabolism
Other molecules are also used for energy (Carbohydrates, protein, fats
enter into glycolysis or citric acid cycle at different points
can be used to make anabolism reactions
Anaerobic Respiration and Fermentation
for environment that lack oxygen
Two strategies
Use substance other than O2 as final electron acceptor in electron transport chain
Produce ATP only via substrate-level phosphorylation
Other acceptors
E. coli uses nitrate (NO3-) under anaerobic conditions
Also makes ATP via chemiosmosis even under aerobic conditions
Fermentation
the breakdown of organic molecules without net oxidation
Many organisms can only use O2 as final electron acceptor, so under anaerobic conditions, they need a different way to produce ATP, like using glycolysis
But glycolysis uses up NAD+ and makes too much NADH under anaerobic conditions (dangerous situation :warning:)
How to avoid this dangerous situation :question:
Muscle cells solve problem by reducing pyruvate into lactate :check:
Yeast solve problem by making ethanol :check:
Fermentation produces far less ATP than oxidative phosphorylation
