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Berenice Cardenas Period.1 Nervous System - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Methamphetamine- interferes with dopamine neurotransmitters, caused by excess amounts of dopamine in cells, causes the transporters to work in reverse, dopamine is pumped out of the cell into the synapse which gets tapped in, binds again and again to receptors which overstimulates the cell, it works directly with the brain's reward pathway causing intense feelings of pleasure and exhilaration
        
        Alcohol- interferes with GABA and glutamate neurotransmitters, it interacts with GABA receptors first, then it binds to glutamate receptors, which prevents glutamate from exiting the cell, affects memory, decision making and impulse control
        
        Cocaine- interferes with dopamine neurotransmitters, dopamine receptors are blocked and stays in the synaptic cleft, dopamine binds again and again to the receptors and overstimulates the cell, it's concentrated in the reward pathway and active in the part of the brain controlling voluntary movements
        
        LSD- interferes with serotonin neurotransmitters, it interacts with certain receptors and can either inhibit them or excite them, the locus coeruleus is affected; its responsible for feelings of wakefulness and evokes a startle response to unexpected stimulus
- - - - Integration center of either the monosynaptic and polysynaptic area in the CNS
        
        Motor neuron conducts efferent impulses from the integration center to the effector region
        
        The effector (muscle fiber/ gland) that responds to efferent impulses by contracting and secreting
- - - - Unipolar neurons- have only 1 process extending from the cell body; outside the cell body, it soon splits into 2 parts that function as 1 axon; the peripheral process has dendrites near a peripheral body part, and the central process runs into the CNS; the cell bodies are found in ganglia outside the CNS; these are sensory neurons
- - - - Spinal Cord Injury- Damage to spinal cord
        
        Multiple Sclerosis- Autoimmune disease that damages the myelin sheath
- - - - Spinal Reflexes- controlled by reflex arcs that pass through the spinal cord
        
        White Matter- made up of bundles of myelinated nerve fibers, surrounds a butterfly shaped core (gray matter)- houses interneurons & neuron cell bodies
        
        Center Canal- middle of the gray matter contains CSF
- - - - Oculomotor- Primarily motor, motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles that raise eyelids, move eyes, adjust the amount of light entering the eyes, and focus lenses
        
        Trochlear- Primarily motor, motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles that move the eyes, some sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with the condition of muscles
        
        Trigeminal- Mixed
        
        Ophthalmic division- Sensory fibers conduct impulses from the surface of the eyes, tear glands, scalp, forehead, and upper eyelids
        
        Maxillary division- Sensory fibers conduct impulses from the upper teeth, upper gum, upper lip, lining of the palate, and skin of the face
        
        Mandibular division- Sensory fibers conduct impulses from the skin of the jaw, lower teeth, lower gum, and lower lip
        Motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles of mastication and to muscles in the
        floor of the mouth
        
        Abduces- Primarily motor, motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles that move the eyes, some sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with the condition of muscles
        
        7. Facial- Mixed, sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with taste receptors of the anterior tongue,motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles of facial expression, tear glands, and salivary glands
        
        Vestibulocochlear- Sensory
        
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- - - - Threshold Stimulus- strong enough to cause plenty of Na+ ions to enter neurons, that potential changes from -70 to -55 mv ---> threshold potential
        
        Once reached, voltage gated Na+ channels open, changing the charge to about +30 mv (action potential), the change from negative to positive charge within the neuron is depolarization
        
        ! Action potential either occurs or doesn't !
        
        Occurs when charge reaches -55mv
        
        When reached, the cell responds by returning to resting potential (-70mv) through the process of repolarization
        
        Hyperpolarization- occurs at the end of repolarization, potential dips below -70mv
        
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    - - Na+ channels open (depolarization)
        
        Na+ channels inactivating while K+ channels open( repolarization)
        
        Some K+ channels remain open while Na+ channels rest ( hyperpolarization)
  - - - Limits frequency of action potentials
        
        Ensures the impulse is only transmitted in one direction, down the axon
      - Continuous Conduction- occurs in unmyelinated axons, conduct impulses sequentially over the entire length of their membrane
      - Saltatory Conduction- occurs in myelinated axons, myelin sheath insulates axons from ion movement across the cell membrane
      - ! Impulses "jump" from one Node of Ranvier to the next, since sodium and potassium channels occur only at the nodes !
- - - - Lumbosacral Plexuses (L1-S4): arise from the lower spinal cord; supply muscles and skin of the lower abdomen, external genitalia, buttocks, and legs; include the obturator, femoral, and sciatic nerves.