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Nervous System Emmalise Fischer P.1 - Coggle Diagram
Nervous System Emmalise Fischer P.1
Cranial Nerves
a set of 12 paired nerves. Sends electrical signals between your brain, face, neck and torso. help you taste, smell, hear and feel sensations and help you make facial expressions, blink your eyes and move your tongue
olfactory (CN I), optic (CN II), oculomotor (CN III), trochlear (CN IV), trigeminal (CN V), abducent (or abducens; CN VI), facial (CN VII), vestibulocochlear (CN VIII), glossopharyngeal (CN IX), vagus (CN X), accessory (CN XI),
Major Functions of the Nervous System
Major divisions and sub divisions
"Central nervous system (CNS) is the integration and command center of the body.
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) represents the conduit between the CNS and the body. It is further subdivided into the somatic nervous system (SNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS)."
Tissues
astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes
Classification of neurons
Sensory
nerve cells that are activated by sensory input from the environment
Motor
specialized type of brain cell called neurons located within the spinal cord and the brain
interneurons
connect spinal motor and sensory neurons and transferring signals between sensory and motor neurons
Connective tissue coverings
3 layers of membranes known as meninges protect the brain and spinal cord.
inner layer is the pia mater
middle layer is the arachnoid, a web-like structure tough outer layer is called the dura mater.
Major parts and functions of the brain
The cerebrum fills up most of your skull. It is involved in remembering, problem solving, thinking, and feeling. ...
The cerebellum sits at the back of your head, under the cerebrum. It controls coordination and balance.
The brain stem sits beneath your cerebrum in front of your cerebellum.
Major parts and functions of the spinal cord
Consists of 31 segments, each connect to spinal nerves. Major functions include transmitting impulses to and from brain. Descending tracts carry sensory information to brain muscles or glands.
Action potential and nerve impulse
an electrical charge that travels along the membrane of a neuron
action potentials play a central role in cell-cell communication by providing saltatory conduction and propagation of signals along the neuron's axon toward synaptic cleft
Spinal Nerves
mixed nerves that interact directly with the spinal cord to modulate motor and sensory information from the body's periphery
Cervical nerves.
Thoracic nerves.
Lumbar nerves.
Sacral nerves.
Coccygeal nerve.
Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Glutamate
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Compare and contrast of autonomic nervous system
somatic nervous system has sensory and motor pathways, whereas the autonomic nervous system only has motor pathways. Autonomic controls internal organs and glands, while the somatic nervous system controls muscles and movement.
Reflex arc
"A reflex arc is a neural mechanism that represents the path traveled by a reflex. The receptor detects the stimulus (for example, the prick of a pin). The sensory neuron sends the message to the relay neuron, which is located in the spinal cord."
Disorders and diseases
Cerebrovascular accident (Stroke)
Occurs when blood flow to brain is halted. causes include diabetes, high cholesterol, and increasing age. Symptoms include severe headache, confusion and loss of coordination. Treatment options include surgery and hospitalization
Autism
Brain disorder that makes it difficult to communicate. Causes include family history, hereditary, and mostly found in males. Symptoms include delay in learning, anxiety, depression. Treatment options include medication coping skills and specialized therapy
Alzheimers disease
A form of dementia associated with age. Causes could be hereditary, family history, or age over 60. Symptoms include memory loss, confusion and suspicions
Spinal cord injury
Damage to the spinal cord. Causes may include assault, fall or accident. Also fluid build up or weakened vertebral column.
Meningitis
Infection in the menings surrounding the brain. Causes may include bacteria, tumors, or drug allergies. Symptoms include nausea, sensitivity to light, and irritation. Treatment options include antibiotics, medication, or vaccination
Drug abuse
Heroine
Interferes with dopamine and inhibitory transmitters. It binds to opiate receptors which turns off dopamine inhibition. Activating opiate receptors causes neurotransmitters to shut down and overload. It is a natural painkiller and produces immediate feeling of sedation.
Ecstasy
Interferes with the serotonin neurotransmitter. It alters the transporter which causes it to do its job in reverse and transport serotonin out of the cell. Excess serotonin gets trapped in synaptic cleft which causes binding to receptors; overstimulating the cell. Affects serotonin; mood, sleep, perception and appetite
Marijuana
Interferes with inhibitory and dopamine neurotransmitters. THC mimics anadamide and binds to cannabinoid receptors. Dopamine squirts into synapse. Slows down movement, makes us relaxed or calm
Methamphetamine
Interferes with the dopamine neurotransmitter. It forces dopamine molecules out and into synapse then it gets trapped in synaptic cleft; overstimulating the cell. It is addictive and makes people feel pleasure and exhileration
Alcohol
Interferes with GABA inhibitory and glutamate neurotransmitters. It delivers double sedative punch; interacts with GABA receptors to make inhibitory. This binds to glutamate receptors, preventing exciting the cell. Affects memory formation, decision making and impulse control
Cocaine
Interferes with dopamine neurotransmitter. It blocks dopamine transporters leaving dopamine trapped in synaptic cleft. It binds again and again; overstimulates cell. Active in controlling voluntary movements and causes unstillness
LSD
Interferes with serotonin neurotransmitter. It sometimes inhibits or excites receptors. LSD and hallucinogens excite brain that branches to other parts of brain. It is responsible for feelings of wakefulness and startle response to unexpected stimulus