schizophrenia
classification and diagnosis
psychological explanations + treatments
biological explanations + treatment
token economy system
interactionist approach
symptoms of schizophrenia
classification methods
negative (those which remove something from the experience)
positive (those which add something to the experience)
delusions
hallucinations
speech disorganisation
speech poverty
avolition
lack of hygiene
low energy
low motivation
ICD
DSM-5
treatments
explanations
neural correlates
family studies
candidate genes
atypical drugs
typical drugs
EVALUATION
EVALUATION
gottesman- 48% CR for MZ twins, 17% for DZ twins, 9% for siblings
shows that there is a genetic link for schizophrenia
ripke et al
genes which can contribute to a condition or the development of a condition
polygenic- roughly 108 candidate genes involved in schiophrenia
massive study of over 11,000 participants
patterns of structure or activity in the brain that occur in conjunction with an experience or implicated in its origins
the dopamine hypothesis
excess dopamine in certain regions or an excess of receptors can lead to positive symptoms occurring
e.g. if there is an excess of dopamine in Broca's area it can lead to auditory hallucinations or speech disorganisation
REVISED dopamine hypothesis
davis et al- lack of dopamine in the cortices can lead to negative symptoms
- Biological reductionism
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+ Support for genetic vulnerability
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mutations
mutations in parental DNA can lead to increased likelihood of developing schizophrenia
brown et al- 0.7% risk for fathers >25, 2% risk for fathers <50
viral infections, radiation or poison
gottesman's research shows that there is a form of genetic link to schizophrenia
CR increases as genetic similarity increases
although the CR doesn't align with genetic similarity so it isn't just a genetic condition
suggests that it is mostly biological but environmental factors can influence likelihood of development
other influences can include
birth difficulties
childhood trauma
explanations
treatments
family dysfunction
cognitive explanations
schizophrenogenic mother (Fromm-Reichmann)
double bind hypothesis
expressed emotion
metarepresentation
central control
mother is cold and distant but also overbearing and controlling
leads to tension and distrust, leading to later paranoia
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a dilemma in communication where you are given two or more conflicting messages e.g. affection and animosity
trapped in a situation where you fear doing wrong which will result in the withdrawal of love
you see the world as dangerous and confusing, leading to paranoid thinking and delusions
family therapy
cognitive behavioural therapy
5-20 sessions to help patients make sense of their irrational cognition and remove distress to help them deal with symptoms
normalisation of delusions which allows them to be challenged
family take therapy alongside the identified patient to improve quality of communication
Pharoah et al- should aim to reduce negative emotions and improve ability to help
EVALUATION
strategies
reduce stress
reduce anger and guilt
psychoeducation
achieve a balance
anticipate problems
improving relationships
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