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SUBORDINATE OR DEPENDENT CLAUSES, SENTENCES CLASSIFIED BY STRUCTURE,…
SUBORDINATE OR DEPENDENT CLAUSES
THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
always modifies or identifies
a noun or a clause in a sentence
Defining or identify (use comma)
Un-defining; can take out from sentence (no comma)(
RELATIVE PRONOUN
Can be S of a clause or conjunction.
The clause followed by V.
That (thing)
Which (thing)
Who (person)
Cannot be the S of a clause. Only conjunction of the clause. The whole clause have another S followed by V
Whom (person)
Whose (possession of person or thing)
When (time)
Where (place)
Why
You can put preposition before the beginning of relative pronoun but the function is only a preposition.
To whom, in which, about whom,
etc.
RELATIVE PRONOUN DOES THREE THINGS
It refers to the preceding noun or pron
It connects its clause with the rest of the sentence
It perform a function within its own clause by serving as S, Obj, etc, of the subordinate clause.
THE NOUN CLAUSE
modifies or acts as a specific function
to something in the independent clause
A noun clause may begin with an indefinite relative pronoun
that, what, whatever, who, which, whoever, whichever.
Or a conjunction
if, whether, how, why, however
HOW TO USE NOUN CLAUSE
as the
SUBJECT
of an independent clause
e.g.
what she wore to the party
really turned some heads.
as
OBJECT
or
SUBJECT COMPLEMENT
e.g.
Please ask mom
what we are having for dinner
. [Object of
ask
]
Paul isn't
what is generally considered handsome
[Subj. complement of
Paul
]
as
OBJECT OF PREPOSITION
:
for, about, to,
etc.
e.g. Sarah should not be held responsible
for
what her brother does
[object of preposition
for.
]
as
OBJECTIVE COMPLEMENT
complete sentence with necessary information to complete the idea.
e.g. I'm happy (that)
you decided to come
[object of complement to the noun
happy
]
as both
SUBJECT
and
OBJECT
e.g.
That she might be right
[S] is
what frightens me.
[S.C]
ADVERB CLAUSE
a subordinate clause that, like an adverb, modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.
USING SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION
show a cause and effect relationship between clauses
REASON
:
because, since, after
e.g. I rarely ate pizza
because
it's unhealthy
CONTRAST
to show there's a contrast idea between clauses:
(al)though,whereas
e.g.
although
I love pizza, I rarely ate it.
CONDITION
means one thing must be true, for something else to be true:
if, as long as, unless, before
TIME or PLACE
:*once, while, when, whenever, where, wherever, before, and after.
PURPOSE
:
so that
e.g.
Joe took a week of work
so that
his wife could take a training course
COMPARISON
:
as, --er than
acts the same as adverb of telling
how, when, where, why, to what extent, or under what conditions.
HOW
he plays
e.g. He plays golf as though he were in a hurry,
WHEN
he plays
e.g. He plays golf whenever he can.
WHERE
he plays
e.g. He plays golf wherever he travels, [where he plays]
WHY
he plays
e.g. He plays golf because he enjoys it.
HOW MUCH MORE
e.g. He plays golf more than I do.
UNDER WHAT CONDITION
he plays
e.g. He plays golf if the weather permits,
SENTENCES CLASSIFIED BY STRUCTURE
SIMPLE SENTENCE is a sentence with one independent clause and no subordinate clauses.
COMPOUND SENTENCE is a sentence composed of two or more independent clauses but no subordinate clauses.
COMPLEX SENTENCE is a sentence that contains one independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses.
COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE is a sentence that contains two or more independent clauses and one or more subordinate clauses.
SENTENCES CLASSIFIED BY PURPOSE
IMPERATIVE SENTENCE is a sentence that gives a command or makes a request.
EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE is a sentence that expresses strong feeling.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE is a sentence that ask s a question.
DECLARATIVE SENTENCE is a sentence that makes a statement.
CLAUSES
a group of words containing a
SUBJECT
and
VERB
and used as part of a sentence.
SUBORDINATE
OR DEPENDENT CLAUSES
cannot stand alone as sentences,
acts in the same way as single words and phrases
--
as an adj, adv, or noun
always combined with an independent clause,
When the sun finally came out,
we felt more cheerful.
INDEPENDENT CLAUSES
still make complete sense when removed from a sentence.
Called independent clause only when combined in a larger sentence with one or more additional clauses, independent or subordinate.
Usual words in connecting two or more independent clause are:
and, but, or, nor, and for.
It was after midnight,
and
the last bus home had already left.
Independent clauses may be joined by coordinating conjunctions:
and but nor or for yet
or by conjunctive adverbs:
also, besides, consequently, furthermore, however, moreover, nevertheless, otherwise, then, therefore, thus, still