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Human cheek epithelial cells image, Nucleus image --> dense dark…

- - - - Complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism
      - Gene
        
        Basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child.
        
        Genes come in different forms, called alleles
        
        Alleles
        
        An individual’s phenotype is determined by the combination of alleles they have.
        
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        Homozygous - presence of two identical alleles
        
        Heterozygous - inheritence of 2 different alleles
        
        Each pair of alleles represents the genotype of a specific gene.
        
        Genotype
        
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        Genes are made up of sequences of DNA
        
        Each gene contains the information required to build specific proteins needed in an organism.
        
        Genotype describes an organism's complete set of genes.
        
        Genetic Modification
        
        Technique to change the characteristics of a plant, animal or micro-organism that involves inserting DNA into the genome of an organism.
        
        Process of altering the genetic makeup of an organism.
      - Made up of DNA + includes genes
      - The human genome contains 20,687 protein-coding genes.
    - - You can't make new proteins without DNA!
        
        Proteins
        
        Large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body.
        
        Required for structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs.
        
        Proteinase K is used during DNA extraction to digest many contaminating proteins present
        
        DNA extraction
        
        Method to purify DNA from a sample separating it from cell membranes, proteins & other cellular components.
        
        Friedrich Miescher in 1869 did DNA isolation for the first time.
        
        It is essential for carrying out forensic science, sequencing genomes, detecting bacteria & viruses in the environment and for determining paternity.
        
        The process:
        1) lysis
        2 )separation
        3) precipitation
        4) purification
    - - Mutation
        
        Mutations can result from errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens or a viral infection.
        
        Types:
        1) substitution, 2) deletion, 3) insertion, 4) translocation