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PSYC140T final - Coggle Diagram

- - - - thoughts lead to emotions - emotions will shift once thoughts do
      - "cognitive restructuring" - changing dysfunctional thoughts
      - steps
        
        identify dysfunctional thoughts
        
        evaluate validity
        
        replace with more logical/beneficial thoughts
  - - - orient attention both outward and inward simultaneously
    - - EMDR showed the greatest long-term efficacu
    - - no verbalization necessary - can be less retraumatizing
      - focus on past memory of trauma
      - no direct challenge to beliefs
  - - - break negative thinking
- - - - perpetrator likely to pick out a child who is unlikely to be believed
  - - - Dangerous World - violence/power, the world/people are out to get you
      - Women as Sexual Objects - sex, belief that women are objects and are only a means to men's sexual satisfaction
      - Entitlement - sex and violence/power, feeling of superiority and right to have their desires met
  - - - abuse/neglect of child victims were predictive of arrest records as adults
      - neglect was as strong of a predictor as abuse
  - - - beast/God-like
      - enraged and cruel without discrimination
      - devoid of fear and inattentive to own safety
      - cold, insensible to pain
      - suspicious
      - some overlap with dissociative states, but more
      - obsession with revenge
    - - betrayal
      - death of a friend-in-arms
      - being trapped
      - unexpected deliverance from certain death
  - - - few cases of CSA are by strangers
      - most offenders are not pedophiles
      - recidivism rates of sexual offenders not greater than for other crimes
    - - Offender Registration - mixed results
      - community notification - mixed results
      - mandatory background checks
      - residency restrictions
      - if most offenders aren't strangers, above methods likely won't be very effective
      - sentence lengthening and civil commitment
      - enhanced detection and arrest
      - Mental Health Treatment
        
        best studied, and shown to be effective
    - - teaching skills to children and parents/teachers
      - tend to focus on approach by strangers
      - no evidence that victimization is decreased
- - - - severity of combat experience
      - pre-war experience of adversity
      - committing war crimes
    - - isolation and retaliation
      - Institutional Betrayal
    - - negative physical health effects
  - - - short-term memory consolidation into LTM
        
        evaluate how stimuli relate to LTM
        
        formation of explicit, declarative memories
      - categorize stimuli
      - create simple maps
      - damage = cannot form new memories
      - shown to be impacted by trauma
        
        exposure to prolonged stress = deficits in short-term memory function (focusing ability)
    - - process emotional info (limbic system)
      - assign feeling to stimuli
      - integrate emotional and non-emotional info about stimuli
      - alarm center - first to sense danger
    - - central executive - planning, thinking, executing
      - medial prefrontal cortex - inhibit responses from more primitive brain areas, impulse control
      - mood regulation
    - - adrenal steroids secreted during stress
      - cortisol
      - help us respond to threat
        
        direct energy to brain and muscles
        
        suppresses unnecessary functions
      - cause pathology under prolonged stress
        
        high levels damage neurons of hippocampus
        
        decrease in number
        
        changes in cytoarchitecture - connection to other cells
        
        degeneration or "accelerated aging" of hippocampus
  - - - PTSD and stress associated with smaller hippocampal volume
        
        Gurvits study with Vietnam vets
        
        PTSD group had 26% lower volume than non-PTSD
        
        negative correlation between severity of combat exposure and hippocampal volume
      - Stein study with CSA survivors
        
        5% smaller hippocampal volume in CSA group
      - does low hippocampal volume make you more susceptible to PTSD if you experience a trauma?
        
        could be cause and effect
      - evidence hippocampus is implicated in dissociation
        
        is peri-traumatic dissociation the first sign of hippocampal damage?
    - - symptom provocation studies
        
        prediction that flashbacks involve different brain regions than regular memory
        
        Rauch flashback provocation study with PTSD
        
        higher heart rate
        
        increased activity in right hem limbic and paralimbic (including amygdala)
        
        increases in right secondary visual cortex - experiential nature of flashback
        
        decrease in Broca's area - not a narrative memory
- - - - universal human needs and capacity for empathy
        
        perpetration is a failure to meet needs
        
        process
        
        observation
        
        feeling. - guess
        
        request - related to your own needs
    - - better communication and self-empathy
  - - - empathy towards offender
    - - support for both sides necessary
      - must be voluntary
      - well-trained facilitators vital
      - must be trauma-informed