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Luis Madrigal Period 3 (Nervous System) - Coggle Diagram
Luis Madrigal Period 3 (Nervous System)
Major Functions
Programming of spinal cord reflexes
the stretch reflex would instantly sense the stretch in the muscles around the ankle and send messages to those muscles telling them to contract and resist the stretch
Memory and learning
New movements, especially complex ones, take time for the nervous system to learn
Control of the body’s internal environment to maintain ‘homeostasis’
the nervous system sends messages to the blood vessels to dilate, increasing blood flow to the skin, and increasing sweating to help disperse the accumulating heat
Voluntary control of movement
Every voluntary movement that a person performs is under the direct control of the nervous system as the nervous system sends the messages to the particular body parts to move
Divisions and Subdivisions
Central Nervous System (CNS)- Brain and Spinal Cord (integration and command center of the body)
The seven basic parts include the spinal cord, the medulla, the pons, the cerebellum, the midbrain, the diencephalon, and the cerebral hemispheres
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)- nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body (conduit between the CNS and the body
Autonomic System- neurons that work to connect the CNS with the body’s internal organs
Sympathetic System- stimulates what is known as the fight or flight response in the body, it prepares the body’s energy for stressful or energy-exerting activities
Parasympathetic System- works to conserve energy, it signals the body to conserve its energy while it sleeps and relaxes
Somatic System- motor neurons and sensory neurons that help the body perform voluntary activities
Tissues
Neurons
Structures- Dendrites, Axon, Cell Body
Function- to carry messages over large distances in the body quickly in the form of electrical signals.
Neuroglia
Function- group of supportive cells for the neurons, they maintain the myelin sheath, provide nutrient support, they also retain homeostasis. It is within the CNS and PNS
Structures- Neuroglia include ependymal cells, cells of the PNS (Schwann cell) and CNS (oligodendrocyte), cells (astrocytes), and microglia.
Classification of Neurons
Motor- transmit impulses from the spinal cord to skeletal and smooth muscles (such as those in your stomach), and so directly control all of our muscle movements
Interneurons- connect spinal motor and sensory neurons. As well as transferring signals between sensory and motor neurons, interneurons can also communicate with each other, forming circuits of various complexity
Sensory- nerve cells that are activated by sensory input from the environment
Connective Tissue Coverings
Perineurium- the sheath of connective tissue that surrounds a bundle of nerve fibers
Epineurium- formed by a collection of nerve fascicles surrounded by a loose connective tissue sheath, is the outermost layer of a peripheral nerve and is the strongest of all the connective tissue layers of the nerve.
Endoneurium- thin layer of collagenous connective tissue that surrounds individual nerve fibers and is continuous with the fine layer of connective tissue of the nerve roots
Functions and Structure (Brain)
Cerebellum- Your cerebellum maintains your balance, posture, coordination and fine motor skills. It's located in the back of your brain.
Brain Stem- Your brainstem regulates many automatic body functions. You don’t consciously control these functions. Your brainstem is in the lower part of your brain. It connects the rest of your brain to your spinal cord.
Cerebrum- interprets sights, sounds and touches. It also regulates emotions, reasoning and learning. Your cerebrum makes up about 80% of your brain.
Functions and Structure (Spinal Cord)
Thoracic (chest)
Lumbar (lower back)
Cervical (neck)
Function- Control body movements and functions, Report senses to your brain, and Manage your reflexes
Action Potential & Nerve Impulse
Action Potential- a rapid sequence of changes in the voltage across a membrane. The membrane voltage, or potential, is determined at any time by the relative ratio of ions, extracellular to intracellular, and the permeability of each ion.
Nerve Impulse- a signal transmitted along a nerve fiber. It consists of a wave of electrical depolarization that reverses the potential difference across the nerve cell membranes.
Cranial Nerves
Abducens nerve: Ability to move your eyes
Facial nerve: Facial expressions and sense of taste
Trigeminal nerve: Sensations in your face and cheeks, taste and jaw movements
Auditory/vestibular nerve: Sense of hearing and balance
Trochlear nerve: Ability to move your eyes up and down or back and forth
Glossopharyngeal nerve: Ability to taste and swallow
Oculomotor nerve: Ability to move and blink your eyes
Vagus nerve: Digestion and heart rate
Optic nerve: Ability to see
Accessory nerve (or spinal accessory nerve): Shoulder and neck muscle movement
Olfactory nerve: Sense of smell
Hypoglossal nerve: Ability to move your tongue
Spinal Nerves
5 pairs of lumbar nerves
5 pairs of sacral nerves
12 pairs of thoracic nerves
1 pair of coccygeal nerves
8 Pairs of cervical nerves
Plexuses
Brachial (C5-T1)- Arise form lower cervical and upper thoracic nerves; supply muscles and skin of arms, forearms, and hands; lead into the upper limbs; include the musculocutaneous, ulnar, median, radial, and axillary nerves
Lumbosacral (L1-S4)- Arise from the lower spinal cord; supply muscles and skin of the lower abdomen, external genitalia, buttocks, and legs; include the obturator, femoral, and sciatic nerves
Cervical (C1-C4)- Lie on either side of the neck; supply muscles and skin of the neck; include the phrenic nerves, which control the diaphragm
Neurotransmitter
Dopamine
CNS- Creates a sense of feeling good; deficiency in some brain areas is associated with Parkinson disease
PNS- Limited actions in autonomic nervous system; may excite or inhibit, depending on receptors
Serotonin
CNS- Primarily inhibiting; leads to sleepiness; action is blocked by LSD, enhanced by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor drugs (SSRIs)
Norepinephrine
CNS- Creates a sense of feeling good; low levels may lead to depression
PNS- May excite or inhibit autonomic nervous system actions, depending on receptors
Histamine
CNS- Release in hypothalamus promotes alertness
Acetylcholine
CNS- Controls skeletal muscle actions
PNS- Stimulates skeletal muscle contraction at neuromuscular junctions; may excite or inhibit autonomic nervous system actions, depending on receptors
Compare & Contrast
Somatic Nervous System
Different: has sensory and motor pathways, controls muscles and movement, and nerves that go to the skin and muscles and is involved in conscious activities
Similar: Both somatic and autonomic nervous systems are two components of the peripheral nervous system and are involved in controlling muscular movements of the body
Autonomic Nervous System
Similar: Similar: Both somatic and autonomic nervous systems are two components of the peripheral nervous system and are involved in controlling muscular movements of the body
Different: only has motor pathways, controls internal organs and glands, and nerves that connect the CNS to the visceral organs such as the heart, stomach, and intestines and it mediates unconscious activities
Reflex Arc
Sensory Neuron- Carries information from receptor into brain or spinal cord
Receptor- Senses specific type of internal or external change
Interneuron- Carrier information from sensory neuron to motor neuron
Motor Neuron- Carries instructions from brain or spinal cord out to effector
Effector- Responds to stimulation (or inhibition) by motor neuron and produces reflex or behavioral action
Drugs of Abuse (Mouse Party)
Methamphetamine
Affects Dopamine neurotransmitters
Meth enters dopamine vesicles forcing the dopamine out, which will cause transporters to work in reverse, overstimulating the cell
Affects the brain's reward pathways, making the user feel intense pleasure and exhilaration
Alcohol
-Affects GABA Inhibitory and Glutamate neurotransmitters
-First, interacts with GABA receptors to make them more inhibitory, then binds to glutamate receptors preventing the glutamate from exciting the cell
-Affects areas of the brain involved in memory formation, decision making, and impulse control
Marijuana
Affects Inhibitory and Dopamine neurotransmitters
Causes inhibition to turn off and dopamine is allowed to squirt into the synapse
Involved in removing unnecessary short-term memories. Also responsible for slowing down the movement
LSD
Affects Serotonin neurotransmitters
Binds to serotonin receptors and may inhibit or excite the receptor
Excite the locus coeruleus which connects to different sensory areas of the brain and is responsible for feeling of wakefulness and evoking a startle response to unexpected stimulus
Ecstasy
Affects serotonin neurotransmitters
Serotonin gets taken out of the cell, gets stuck in the synaptic cleft and overstimulates the cell
Affects mood, sleep, perception, and appetite
Cocaine
Affects Dopamine neurotransmitters
Blocks dopamine transporters, trapping dopamine in the synaptic cleft, as a result, dopamine overstimulates the cell
Affects reward pathway, and voluntary movements, and causes cocaine abusers to be fidgety and unable to stand still
Heroine
Affects Dopamine and Inhibitory neurotransmitters
Causes dopamine inhibition to turn off causing Domaine to flood the synapse producing feelings of sedation and well-being
Affects pain signals, stress response, and emotional attachment
Disorders/Diseases
Alzheimer's Disease- A form of dementia associated with age
Symptoms- Memory loss, Mood & behavior changes, Confusion & disorientation
Risk Factors- Hereditary, High insulin level, Past head trauma
Treatment- Medication, Stem cells, Herbal therapies
Spinal Cord Injury- damage to the spinal cord
Symptoms-Weakness, Spastic muscles, Paralysis
Treatment- Surgery, Spinal traction, Physical therapy
Risk Factors- Direct injury or disease, Weakened vertebral column, Most common in men ages 15-35
Autism- Brain disorder that makes it difficult to communicate
Symptoms- Repeated behaviors, Anxiety, Depression
Risk Factors- Hereditary, Environmental, Past medical issue
Treatment- Medication, Coping skills, Specialized therapy
Meningitis- Infection in the meninges surrounding the brain
Symptoms- Nausea & vomiting, Stiff neck, Severe headache
Treatment- Prevention with vaccination, Medication to treat symptoms, Antibiotics
Risk Factors- Tumors, Fungi or parasites, Chemical irritation
Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)- Occurs when blood flow to a portion of the brain is halted
Treatment- Hospitalization, Blood thinners, Surgery to repair vessels
Symptoms- Severe headaches, Confusion or memory loss, Change in alertness
Risk Factors- Blood vessel bursts, Diabetes, High cholesterol
Multiple Sclerosis- Autoimmune disease that damages the myelin sheath
Symptoms- Muscle weakness, spasms, tremors, & numbness, Incontinence & frequent urination, Vision & hearing loss
Treatment-Steroid treatments, Assistive devices, Healthy lifestyle choices
Risk Factors- Hereditary, Nerve damage by inflammation, Possibly viral infection