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Islamic Gunpowder Empires (early modern Islam !450-1750 - Coggle Diagram
Islamic Gunpowder Empires (early modern Islam !450-1750
Dynastic State- The Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal rulers and Islam-
all three Islamic empires were military rulers and Islam
Called Gupowder empires as guns were critical to rise of empire
Steppe traditions- ongoing problems with Royal succession
Ottoman rulers legally killed brothers after taking the throne
RISE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE- Anatolian clan of the Seljuk Turks
Founder was OSMAN BEY
Led Muslim religions warriors (ghazi)
Ottoman Expansion into Byzantine empire
Seized city of Bursa, then into the Balkans
Central role of the Janissaries(slave troops)
Effective use of gunpowder in battles and sieges
14th-15th Century Expanded into S.E. Europe
Established the Devshirme
Mehmedthe conqueror (reigned 1451-1481)
captured Constantinople 1n 1453
Renamed city Istanbul, the Ottoman capital
Absolute monarchy; centralized state
TURKISH SOCIAL STRUCTURE--
Four social groupings in settled, urban environment
The men of the pen
Men of the sword: military
Men of negotiations, such as merchants
Men of husbandry: farmers, livestock raisers
Women had no rights aside from tradition, class, husbands’ wishes
GHULAM--
A ghulam was a slave
An old Muslim tradition
By definition, the slave was a non-Muslim
Educated and trained for state service
Ottomans modified the ghulam system by the infamous devshirme
Young Christian males between the ages of 8 and 15
Were removed from villages in the Balkans to be trained for state service
Best of them
In terms of physique, intelligence, other qualities
Were selected for education in the palace school
They converted to Islam
Owed absolute allegiance to the sultan
Were destined for the highest offices in the empire
Became sultan’s elite infantry: Janissaries.
SULEYMAN THE
MAGNIFICENT----
Empire at its height under Suleyman
Reigned 1520-1566
Conquered lands in Europe, Asia, Africa
Encouraged development of arts
Beautified Constantinople with mosques
THE TURKISH MILLET--Each millet
Was headed by its own religious dignitary
Heads of millet were responsible to Turkish sultan
Later expanded to other ethnic communities
In the millet system
Each community was responsible for
The allocation and collection of its taxes
Its educational arrangements
Internal legal matters pertaining to marriage, divorce, inheritance
In the pre-modern Middle East
Identity was largely based on religion
SAFAVID PERSIA----
Turkish conquerors of Persia and Mesopotamia
Founder Shah Ismail (reigned 1501-1524)
Claimed ancient Persian title of shah.
Shah Abbas the Great (1588-1629)
Revitalized the Safavid empire
Modernized military
Sought European alliances
Permitted European merchants, missionaries
New capital at Isfahan
Centralized administration
MUGHAL EMPIRE---
Babur (1523-1530)
Founder of Mughal ("Mongol") dynasty in India
Central Asian Turk invaded India in 1523
Seized Delhi in 1526
By 1530, Mughal empire embraced most of India
Akbar (reigned 1556-1605)
A brilliant charismatic ruler
Created centralized, absolutist government
Expanded to Gujurat, Bengal, S. India
Encouraged religious tolerance
Between Muslims and Hindus
Aurangzeb (1659-1707)
Expanded the empire to almost the entire Indian subcontinent
Revoked policies of toleration: Hindus taxed, temples destroyed
His rule troubled by religious tensions and hostility
Arrival of Europeans: permitted them to trade, establish bases