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Benjamin Wang Period 2 Nervous Concept Map - Coggle Diagram
Benjamin Wang
Period 2
Nervous Concept Map
Disorders/Diseases
Spinal Cord Injury
Damage to the spine
Meningitis
Infection in the menengies that surround the brain
Alzheimer’s Disease
Form of dementia that's associated with age
Multiple Sclerosis
Autoimmune disease that damages the myelin sheath
Autism
Brain disorder that makes it difficult to communicate
Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)
When blood flow to a portion of the brain is halted
Major functions of the nervous system
Motor input (thinking/moving)
Sensory input (seeing, smelling, etc, etc..)
Integration and processing (decision making)
Compare & contrast the autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic division
Active under stressful situations/ emergencies (fight or flight)
Parasympathetic division
Active when in normal/ restful situations (rest and digest)
Reflexes that have sensory
receptors in the viscera and skin. ANS neurons are all motor neurons (preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron)
Reflex arc
"Reflexes"
Interneuron (reflex center, in the CNS)
Motor neuron (carries the command to the effectors)
Sensory neuron (carries the info from the receptor to the CNS
Effector (responds to the change)
Sensory receptor (detects changes)
Action potential & the Nerve Impulse
Action potential starts at depolarization and repolarization "rests" the action which is at -70mV
Continuous and solitary conduction
Cranial nerves (12 pairs)
Mostly mixed nerves (contains sensory and motor nerve fibers). First pair arise from the cerebrum, second pairs arises from the thalamus, however most arise from the brainstem.
I Olfactory
II Optic
XII Hypoglossal
III Oculomotor
XI Accessory
IV Trochlear
X Vagus
V Trigeminal
IX Glossopharyngeal
VI Abducens
VIII Vestibulocochlear
VII Facial
Neurotransmitters
Serotonin: located in the CNS, sleep
Dopamine: located in the CNS and PNS, feeling good (low levels may lead to Parkinsons disease), excites/ inhibits the ANS (depends on the receptors)
Norepinephrine: located in the CNS and PNS, feeling good, excites/ inhibits the ANS (depends on the receptors)
Histamine: located in the CNS, promotes alertness
Acetylcholine: located in the CNS and PNS, controls the muscle/ skeleton
Spinal nerves
(All except the first pair are mixed nerves)
8 pairs of cervical nerves
12 pairs of thoracic nerves
5 pairs of lumbar nerves
5 pairs of sacral nerves
1 pair of coccygeal nerves
Lumbosacral Plexuses (L1-S4): arises from the lower spinal cord, supplies muscles and skin of the lower abdomen, external genitalia, butt, and the legs
Brachial Plexuses (C5 –T1): arises from the lower cervical and upper thoracic nerves, supplies muscles and skin to the arms, forearms, and hands. Leads into the upper limbs including the musculocutaneous, ulnar, median, radial, and
axillary nerves.
Cervical Plexuses (C1-C4): lies on both sides of the neck, supplies muscles and skin of the neck
Drugs of abuse
Methamphetamine
Interferes in the synaptic cleft
Meth mimics dopamine, entering the dopamine vesicle and forces out dopamine molecules, once out, it goes into the synapse repeatedly, overstimulating the cell. Makes the user feel immense pleasure and exhilarated.
Alcohol
Interferes throughout the brain
Interacts with the GABA receptors, making them move more inhibitory while also binding glutamate receptors. Affects the persons memory formation, impulsive controls and decision making.
Marijuana
Interferes with the inhibitory neurotransmitters in the synapse
THC mimics anandamide which allows dopamine to squirt into the synapse. The user loses short term memories, relaxed feeling and slows down all movements.
Cocaine
Interferes in the synaptic cleft
Blocking dopamine transmitters which causes dopamine to bind again and again, overstimulating the synaptic cleft. Controls the persons voluntary movements and "rewards" through the reward pathway
Ecstasy
Interferes in the synaptic cleft
Mimics serotonin, transporting serotonin out of the cell. The excess serotonin is then trapped in the synaptic cleft causing overstimulation. Causes the persons mood, sleep, also has a small release of dopamine.
LSD
Interferes the serotonin receptors
Either inhibits or excites the receptors. He/She will hallucinate, have a startle response and more wakefulness
Heroine
Interferes with the inhibitory neurotransmitters in the synapse
Mimics natural opiates, binds to opiate receptors. Turns off the dopamine inhibition, causing dopamine to flood the synapse. Responsible for pain, stress and emotional attachment.
Connective tissue coverings
Perimysium: layer in the middle, surrounds bundles of muscles
Endomysium: innermost layer that surrounds each individual muscle
Epimysium: outermost layer, surrounds the entire muscle
Major parts and functions of the spinal cord
Cervical enlargement (nerves for the upper limbs, at the of of the spinal cord)
Lumbar enlargement (near the bottom of the spinal cord, nerves for the lower limbs)
Cauda equina (horse’s tail, where the spinal cord begins to taper, nerves for the lumbar and sacral areas)
Sends impulses to the brain (Ascending tracts carry sensory information to the brain, descending carries motor info from the brain to the muscles or glands)
Tissues
Dura Mater: dense CT, wraps around the brain (outermost layer)
Arachnoid mater: between the dura and pia mater, contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF
Pia mater: innermost layer
Major parts and functions of the brain
Cerebrum
Biggest part, higher mental functions, sensory and motor functions (Interpretation of sensory input, voluntary muscular movement, stores memory, intelligence and personality)
Parietal lobe
Cutaneous senses, understanding speech and choosing what words to be said
Temporal lobes
Auditory area, smell area, Wernicke’s area (helps understand written and spoken speech)
Frontal lobe
Higher intellectual
processes (planning, problem solving), Broca’s motor speech area (controls the muscle for speech)
Occipital lobes
Visual area, analyze visualizes patterns and combines visual
images with other sensory information
Brainstem
Coordinates/regulates visceral activities, also connects parts of the brain and nervous system.
Pons
Helps regulate the rate and depth of breathing
Medulla Oblongata
Transmits all ascending and descending impulses
between the brain and spinal cord
Cardiac center: Alters the heart rate
Vasomotor center: Helps control blood pressure
Respiratory center: Controls the rate and depth of breathing
Midbrain
Contains the main motor pathways between the cerebrum and lower parts of the nervous system
Cerebellum
Coordinates muscular activity
Coordinates muscle and skeletal activity
Maintains posture
Integrates sensory information about the position of body parts
Makes sure movement is occurring in the right manner
Diencephalon
Processes sensory input and homeostatic processes (surrounds the third ventricle)
Thalamus
Channels all of sensory impulses except for sense of smell
Relay center: sorts and directs sensory information that arrive from other parts of the nervous system to the cerebral cortex
Produces awareness of sensations such as pain, touch and temperture
Hypothalamus:
Regulates heart rate
Regulates body temp, water/electrolyte balance, hunger and body weight
Controls movements of the digestive tract
Stimulates the posterior pituitary gland to secrete stored
hormones.
Produces hormones that causes the anterior pituitary gland to secrete its hormones
Regulates sleep and wakefulness
Major divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
Autonomic nervous system (connects the CNS to viscera, controls subconscious activities
Sympathetic division (fight or flight)
Parasympathetic division (rest and digest)
Somatic nervous system (connects the CNS to skeletal muscles and the skin, oversees conscious activities)
Central nervous system (CNS)
Brain
Spinal Cord
Classification of neurons
Bipolar neurons: 2 processes that extend from the cell body (dendrite and axon)
Unipolar neurons: 1 process that extends from the cell body
Multipolar neurons: multiple dendrites with one axon that rises from the cell body
Sensory (afferent) neurons: conducts impulses from the peripheral receptors to the CNS
Interneurons (association or internuncial neurons): multipolar neurons that lies within the CNS, forms links between other
neurons
Motor (efferent) neurons: multipolar neurons that conduct impulses from the CNS to peripheral effectors