DIFTERI
Definition
Etiology
Risk factors
signs and symptoms
Diphtheria is a contagious infection caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium. Symptoms include sore throat, fever, and a coating on the tonsils and throat. In severe cases, the infection can spread to other organs of the body such as the heart and nervous system. Some patients also develop skin infections.
The etiology of diphtheria is infection with Gram-positive bacteria Corynebacterium sp., especially C. diphtheria.[1] Corynobacterium sp besides C
Visiting areas with low diphtheria immunization coverage; Weak immune systems, such as people with HIV/AIDS; Unhealthy lifestyles; Environment with poor hygiene and sanitation; Children under 5 years old and parents over 60 years old; Living in densely populated settlements; Traveling to areas with high cases of diphtheria
A thin, gray coating that covers the tonsils and throat; Fever and chills; Sore throat and hoarseness; Difficulty breathing or rapid breathing; Swollen lymph nodes in the neck; Weakness and tiredness; Colds that are watery at first, but can get mixed blood; Loud coughing; Discomfort; Impaired vision; Slurred speech; and Signs of shock, such as skin that is pale and cold, sweating, and a fast heartbeat.
Classification
- Anterior nasal diphtheria 2. Posterior nasal diphtheria 3. Fausial (farinkal) diphtheria 4. Laryngeal diphtheria 5. Conjunctival diphtheria 6. Skin diphtheria 7. Vulvar/vaginal diphtheria Clinical classification of diphtheria according to location
Cmd
The doctor will diagnose diphtheria by doing medical interview, physical examination to see the layers gray on the tonsils or in the throat as well as enlargement lymph nodes in the neck. If you find a layer gray in the throat area, the doctor may need take tissue samples for further investigation at laboratory
Governance
In patients suspected of having diphtheria, administration antitoxin performed immediately after diagnosis clinically, without the need to wait for laboratory results. Suspected patients need to be treated in an isolation room, with droplet precautions. Next, the patient needs monitor for respiratory distress. If necessary, patient intubated to ensure a patent airway
Pathogenesis
complications and prognosis
Complications
Prognosis
The most frequent complications are myocarditis and neuritis. Myocarditis occurs in 10–25% of cases, while complications Diphtheria polyneuropathy occurs in 20-100% respiratory diphtheria cases. Death occurs in 5–10% of cases
The prognosis of diphtheria depends on several factors, namely age, duration of disease, and involvement of the heart and organs systemic. The high mortality rate is experienced by the pediatric population aged less than 5 years and adults over the age of 40 year. High mortality rates also occur in cases with disease duration exceeding 4 days and systemic involvement.
education and prevention
Education
Prevention
Patients who have been diagnosed with diphtheria need educated about the importance of isolation and limit contact with the general public until released by the doctor on duty. Patients infected with diphtheria, both symptomatic or not, can transmit for 4 weeks. Transmission can be through direct contact with the lesion skin or droplet inhalation. Infection can also occur through contact with objects contaminated. Patients need to report history close contact with family or loved ones. If there is close contact, preferably immediately call a health worker to do it close contact tracing
The main prevention of Diphtheria is immunization. Indonesia has implemented an immunization program - including Diphtheria immunization - since more than 5 decades warsa. There are 3 types of vaccines for diphtheria immunization, namely DPT-HB-Hib vaccine, DT vaccine, and Td vaccine given at different ages
Differential diagnosis
Differential diagnosis. - Nasal diphtheria, a disease that resembling nasal diphtheria is rhinorrhea (common cold, sinusitis
JIHAN MUTIARA FINKAN
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